Only Weight loss not good enough for treating dyslipidemia among women

Obesity continues to become more common worldwide, despite the health risks and increased mortality posed by the diseases and conditions that accompany it (comorbidities). Although obesity’s comorbidities (such as diabetes) are well known, there is a lack of detailed research into the relationship between the degree of obesity and the occurrence of these diseases.

In this study, Project Professor TAMORI Yoshikazu* et al.’s research group has revealed how the level of obesity affects the prevalence of the three most common comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia) in men and women differently. Analysis of data from approximately 11,000 65-year-old Japanese residents of Kobe City showed that increased obesity elevated the risk of all three diseases in men. However, in women increased obesity significantly elevated the risks of diabetes and hypertension, yet only slightly raised the risk of dyslipidemia.

The results indicated that weight loss is effective in reducing diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia in men and diabetes and hypertension in women. However, merely losing weight is not enough to reduce dyslipidemia in women.

This study highlights the importance of understanding exactly how obesity affects the progression of accompanying diseases in different ethnic groups and genders so that more appropriate guidance and treatment can be given to patients.

These results were first published in Scientific Reports on February 9, 2023.

*Division of Creative Health Promotion, Department of Social/Community Medicine and Health Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine.

Main Points

• Analysis of 11,000 65 year old residents of Kobe City revealed that 9.7% had diabetes, 41.0% had hypertension and 63.8% had dyslipidemia (*1).

• The incidence of diabetes and hypertension significantly increased the more obese the patient was. On the other hand, the incidence of dyslipidemia was high even among those of a normal weight and increased gradually alongside the degree of obesity.

• In men, increased obesity led to a similar elevated risk of having each of the 3 diseases. Even though increased obesity significantly elevated the risk of diabetes and hypertension in women, the risk of having dyslipidemia increased gradually, peaking in slightly obese individuals.

Research Background

Obesity can cause complications in numerous diseases, shortens healthy life expectancy and reduces quality of life. Diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia are common obesity-related conditions that cause the arteries to harden (arteriosclerosis), which is linked to the development of life-threatening conditions such as strokes and heart disease.

In particular, people of East Asian ethnicity (including Japanese people) are prone to metabolic disorders even if they are only slightly obese. However, detailed research has yet to be conducted into the exact relationship between the degree of obesity and the extent to which comorbidities occur.

65 is often termed the start of old age in developed countries like Japan. Although it is important to avoid becoming overweight in old age, it is also vital to avoid becoming underweight or too thin as this can lead to sarcopenia and frailty.

In this study, the researchers discovered the prevalence of diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia in relation to BMI in around 11,000 65 year old residents of Kobe City. They also investigated the risks of having these diseases at different levels of obesity through comparisons with data from participants in a normal weight range.

Research Methodology

The prevalence of three obesity-related comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia) at different BMI levels was analyzed using data from 65-year-old Kobe City residents enrolled in Japan’s National Health Insurance. In addition, the researchers also evaluated the risk of disease occurring at higher BMI levels when compared to those of a normal weight (disease risk).

Disease prevalence was as follows: diabetes 9.7%, hypertension 41.0% and dyslipidemia 63.8% (Figure 1). The prevalence of all these diseases rose alongside the degree of obesity but diabetes and hypertension in particular increased significantly as obesity progressed. On the other hand, a high prevalence of dyslipidemia (60%) was found even in the normal weight group, and the prevalence of dyslipidemia increased gradually alongside obesity progression. These trends were more pronounced in women.

With regard to disease risk, higher BMI correlated with increased risk for all 3 diseases in men. In contrast, for women the risk of both diabetes and hypertension significantly increased with BMI but dyslipidemia risk only increased slightly, peaking in the low level obesity group (Figure 2).

Significance of the results and Further Research

Hardly any previous research has examined the relationship between the occurrence of obesity-related comorbidities and the level of obesity, with only vague confirmations of the risk for obesity comorbidities increasing as a person becomes more overweight. Therefore, it is difficult to provide clear guidance on how much a certain degree of weight loss would decrease disease risk when treating lifestyle diseases and obesity. However, this study has shown that weight loss in men is effective in reducing the risks of diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia. In women, the study has shown that while weight loss is effective in reducing diabetes and hypertension prevalence, merely losing weight is insufficient for reducing dyslipidemia, and that lifestyle improvement guidance and treatment (e.g. diet and exercise) is also required.

Beyond the 3 disorders examined in this study, there are many other serious comorbidities related to obesity, including cerebral infarctions (stokes), coronary artery disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, sleep apnea syndrome and osteoarthritis. Understanding exactly how prevalent these obesity-related health disorders are at different levels of obesity is important to enable physicians to give better guidance and treatment according to the patient’s age and gender. Such estimations of weight loss effectiveness would also provide important reference for healthcare system economics.

Reference:

Yamada, T., Kimura-Koyanagi, M., Sakaguchi, K. et al. Obesity and risk for its comorbidities diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia in Japanese individuals aged 65 years. Sci Rep 13, 2346 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29276-7