Warm blood cardioplegia safe but does not improve myocardial protection in kids undergoing heart surgery

Intermittent cold blood cardioplegia is frequently used in children, whereas intermittent warm blood cardioplegia is used widely in adults. Serban Stoica from University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust in Bristol, UK, and colleagues aimed to compare biochemical and clinical outcomes with these two methods in a single centre, randomized controlled trial.

The study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of warm (≥34°C) compared to cold (4–6°C) antegrade cardioplegia in pediatric patients. Cardiac troponin T was determined over the first 48 postoperative hours (primary outcome). Teams of intensive care were blinded to group allocation. A comparison was made between effects by intention-to-treat using logistic, linear mixed-effects, or Cox regression.

The study included 97 participants with a median age of 1.2 years. They were randomized to warm (n=49) and cold cardioplegia (n=48), and 61% of participants had a congenital heart surgery score of three or more.

The study revealed the following findings:

• No deaths were observed, and 92 participants were followed for three months.
• In both groups, troponin release was comparable (geometric mean ratio 1.07), as were other measures of cardiac function (arterial and venous blood gases, arrhythmias, echocardiography, vasoactive-inotrope score).
• On average, intensive care stay was 14.6 hours greater in the warm group (hazard ratio 0.52), with a trend towards more extended overall hospital stays (hazard ratio 0.66) versus the cold group. This could be linked to more unplanned reoperations on the bypass in the warm group compared to the cold group (3 vs 1).

"The use of warm blood cardioplegia in pediatric congenital heart surgery was safe but did not improve myocardial infarction," the researchers concluded.

Reference:

Serban Stoica, Helena Smartt, Rachael Heys, Karen Sheehan, Terrie Walker-Smith, Andrew Parry, Richard Beringer, Iakovos Ttofi, Rebecca Evans, Lucy Dabner, Mohamed T Ghorbel, William Lansdowne, Barnaby C Reeves, Gianni D Angelini, Chris A Rogers, Massimo Caputo, Warm versus cold-blood cardioplegia in paediatric congenital heart surgery: a randomized trial, European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 2023;, ezad041, https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezad041