Mediterranean and low-fat diets lower risk of death and heart attack in patients at risk of CVD

Canada: A recent study published in The BMJ has concluded that Mediterranean and low-fat dietary programmes may reduce the risk of mortality and non-fatal myocardial infarction in people with increased cardiovascular risk. 

The first comparative review based on randomised trials of seven popular dietary programmes further showed that Mediterranean dietary programmes are also likely to reduce the risk of stroke, while other named dietary programmes were generally not superior to minimal intervention,

Dietary programmes are diets with or without exercise and other health behaviour (eg. smoking cessation) support.

Mediterranean dietary programmes are also likely to reduce stroke risk. Still, other dietary programmes showed little or no benefit over minimal intervention (eg. usual diet or brief dietary advice from a health professional).

Current guidelines recommend various dietary programmes for patients at increased cardiovascular risk, but they have typically relied on low-certainty evidence from non-randomised studies.

Several analyses of randomised controlled trials have suggested that some diets and dietary programmes can reduce major cardiovascular events, such as heart attacks (myocardial infarction) and strokes. However, any beneficial impact on death is still uncertain.

To address this, researchers trawled databases for randomised trials looking at dietary programmes' impact on preventing death and major cardiovascular events in patients at increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Forty eligible trials were identified involving 35,548 participants who were followed for an average of three years across seven named dietary programmes (low fat, 18 trials; Mediterranean, 12; very low fat, 6; modified fat, 4; combined low fat and low sodium, 3; Ornish, 3; Pritikin, 1). Some trials compared two different diets (eg. mediterranean vs low fat).

The researchers assessed the methodological quality of each trial and judged 13 to be at low overall risk of bias and 27 at high risk.

Based on moderate certainty evidence, Mediterranean dietary programmes were better than minimal intervention at preventing all cause mortality (17 fewer deaths per 1000 over five years), non-fatal heart attack (17 fewer per 1000) and stroke (7 fewer per 1000) for patients at intermediate risk of cardiovascular disease.

Low fat programmes were also superior to minimal intervention with moderate certainty for prevention of all cause mortality (9 fewer deaths per 1000) and non-fatal heart attack (7 fewer per 1000).

When compared, there were no convincing differences between Mediterranean and low fat programmes for mortality or non-fatal heart attack.

The absolute effects of both dietary programmes were more pronounced for patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease (36 fewer all-cause deaths per 1000 and 39 fewer cardiovascular deaths per 1000 among those that followed the Mediterranean dietary programme over five years).

The five other dietary programmes generally had little or no benefit compared with minimal intervention, typically based on low to moderate certainty evidence.

The researchers acknowledge several limitations, such as being unable to measure adherence to dietary programmes and the possibility that some of the benefits may have been due to other elements within the programmes, like drug treatment and support to stop smoking.

Nevertheless, this was a comprehensive review based on a thorough literature search, rigorous assessment of study bias, and adherence to recognised GRADE methods to assess the certainty of estimates.

"Mediterranean and low-fat dietary programmes reduce the likelihood of death and heart attack in patients at heightened risk of cardiovascular disease," the researchers wrote. 

Reference:

Karam G, Agarwal A, Sadeghirad B, Jalink M, Hitchcock C L, Ge L et al. Comparison of seven popular structured dietary programmes and risk of mortality and major cardiovascular events in patients at increased cardiovascular risk: systematic review and network meta-analysis BMJ 2023; 380 :e072003 doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-072003.