Draft Bill for Passive Euthanasia: All doctors need to know
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With the government coming out with the draft bill on passive euthanasia,authorities are now inviting suggestions from the public via emails, giving the deadline of 19th June, 2016. Please send your suggestions/opinions to passiveeuthanasia@gmail.com
Euthanasia is a very tricky topic for any person. Whether it is the medical professionals or the lawmakers or a patient's family or even the patient itself, the thought of euthanasia brings mixed emotions and even mixed logics which can both be correct while being contradictory at the same time.
After years of contemplation and debate, the government seems to be finally coming out with with a stand on the issue of passive euthanasia by legalising it and giving the patients the right to "withhold or withdraw medical treatment to herself or himself" and "allow nature to take its own course".
Passive Euthanasia, otherwise known as ‘negative euthanasia’, as opposed to active euthanasia, involves withholding of medical treatment or withholding life support system for continuance of life e.g., withholding of antibiotic where without doing it, the patient is likely to die or removing the heart-lung machine from a patient in coma. Passive euthanasia is legal even without legislation provided certain conditions and safeguards are maintained (vide Para 39 of The Judgment Of Hon’ble Supreme Court in WP No. 115 Of 2009- Aruna Ramchandra Shanbaug vs UoI and Others).
The draft bill called Terminally Ill Patients(Protection of Patients and Medical Practitioners ) Bill deals with many aspects of Passive Euthanasia and the concept of Living Will. The relevant provisions for the medical practitioners are as follows
(1) Every competent patient including minor aged above 16 years has a right to take a decision and express the desire to the medical practitioner attending on her or him:-
(2) When a patient referred to in sub-section (1)Communicates her or his decision to the medical practitioner, such decision is binding on the medical practitioner,
Provided that the medical practitioner is satisfied that the patient is a competent patient and that the patient has taken an informed decision based upon a free exercise of her or his free will and.
Provided further that in the case of minor above 16 years of age, the consent has also been given by the major spouse and the parents.
(3) Before proceeding further to give effect to the decision of the competent patient, the medical practitioner shall inform the spouse, parent or major son or daughter of the patient or in their absence any relative or other person regularly visiting the patient at the hospital about the need or otherwise of withholding or withdrawing treatment from the patient and shall desist from giving effect to the decision for a period of three days following the intimation given to the said patient’s relations.
(1) The Director-General of Health Services, Central Government and the Director of Medical Services (or officer holding equivalent post) in each State shall, prepare a panel of medical experts for purposes of this Act and more than one panel may be notified to server the needs of different areas.
(2) The panels referred to in sub-section (1) shall include experienced medical experts in various branches such as medicine, surgery, critical care medicine or any other specialty as decided by the said authority.
(3) The Director General of Health Services may consult the Directors of Medical Services or the equivalent rank officer in regard to the composition of panel in order to ensure uniformity, as far as practicable.
(4) The panels prepared under sub-section (1) shall be published in the respective websites of the said authorities and the panels may be reviewed and modified by the authorities specified in sub-section (1) from time to time and such modifications shall also be published on the websites, as the case may be.
The medical practitioner attending on the patient shall maintain a record containing personal details of the patient such as age and full address, the nature of illness and the treatment being given and the names of spouse, parent or major son or daughter, the request or decision if any communicated by the patient and his opinion whether it would be in the best interest of the patient to withdraw or withhold the treatment. The medical practitioner shall inform the patient if conscious and the spouse, parent or major son or daughter of patient or in their absence the persons regularly visiting the patient at the hospital about the need or otherwise of withholding or withdrawing treatment from the patient.
Even though medical treatment has been withheld or withdrawn by the medical practitioner in the case of competent patients and incompetent patients in accordance with the foregoing provisions, such medical practitioner is not debarred from administering palliative care
Where a competent patient refuses medical treatment in circumstances mentioned in section 3, notwithstanding anything contained in the Indian Panel Code (45of 1860), such a patient shall be deemed to be not guilty of any offence under that code or under any other law for the time being in force
Where a medical practitioner or any other person acting under the direction of medical practitioner withholds or withdraws medical treatment in respect of a competent patient on the basis of the desired expressed by the patient which on the assessment of a medical practitioner is in her or his best interest, then notwithstanding anything contained in any other law, such action of the medical practitioner or those acting under his direction and of the hospital concerned shall deemed to be lawful provided that the medical practitioner has concerned with the requirement of section 3 and 5.
(1) Any near relative, next friend, legal guardian of patient, the medical practitioner or para- medical staff generally attending on the patient or the management of the hospital where the patient has been receiving treatment or any other person obtaining the leave of court, may apply to the high court having territorial jurisdiction for granting permission for withholding or withdrawing medical treatment of an incompetent patient or a competent patient who has not taken informed decision.
(2) Such application shall be treated as original petition and the Chief Justice of High Court shall assign the same to a division bench without any loss of time and the same shall be disposed of by the high court as far as practicable within a month,
Provided that a letter addressed to the registrar- general or judicial registrar of the high court by any of the persons above mentioned containing all the material particulars seeking the permission under sub-section (1) shall be placed before the chief justice without delay and the letter shall be treatedas original petition.
(3) The division bench of the high court may, if deemed necessary, appoint an amicus curiae to assists the court and where a patient is unrepresented, direct legal aid to be provided to such patient.
(4) The high court shall take necessary steps to obtain the expert medical opinion of three medical practitioners drawn from the panel prepared under section 4 and any other expert medical practitioner if considered necessary and issue appropriate directions for the payment to be made towards the remuneration of the experts.
(5) The high court shall, having due regard to the report of panel of experts and the wishes of close relations, namely spouse, parents, major children or in their absence such other persons whom the high court deems fit to put on notice and on consideration of the best interests of the patient , pass orders granting or refusing permission or granting permission subject to any conditions.
(6) The medical practitioner or the hospital management or staff who in accordance with the order of high court, withholds or withdraws medical treatment to the patient concerned shall, notwithstanding any othe law in force, be absolved of any criminal or civil liablility.
The division bench of the High Court may, whenever a petition under section 9 is filed, direct that the identity of the patient and of his or her parents or spouse, the identity of the medical practitioner and hospitals, the identity of the medical experts referred to in section 4, or of other experts or witnesses consulted by the court or who have given evidence in the court, shall, during the pendency of the petition, and after its disposal, be kept confidential and shall be referred only by the English alphabets.
Advance Medical Directives as to medical treatment and Medical Power-of-Attorney to be void and not binding on medical practitioners.
Every advance medical directive (called living will) or medical power-of-attorney executed by a person shall be void and of no effect and shall not be binding on any medical practitioner.
(1) Consistent with the provisions of this act, the Medical Council of India may prepare and issue guidelines, from time to time for the guidance of medical practitioners in the matter of withholding or withdrawing of medical treatment to competent or incompetent patients suffering from terminal illness.
(2) The Medical Council of India may review and modify the guidelines from time to time.
(3) the guidelines and modifications thereto, if any shall be published on the website and a press release may be issued to that effect.
Euthanasia is a very tricky topic for any person. Whether it is the medical professionals or the lawmakers or a patient's family or even the patient itself, the thought of euthanasia brings mixed emotions and even mixed logics which can both be correct while being contradictory at the same time.
After years of contemplation and debate, the government seems to be finally coming out with with a stand on the issue of passive euthanasia by legalising it and giving the patients the right to "withhold or withdraw medical treatment to herself or himself" and "allow nature to take its own course".
Passive Euthanasia, otherwise known as ‘negative euthanasia’, as opposed to active euthanasia, involves withholding of medical treatment or withholding life support system for continuance of life e.g., withholding of antibiotic where without doing it, the patient is likely to die or removing the heart-lung machine from a patient in coma. Passive euthanasia is legal even without legislation provided certain conditions and safeguards are maintained (vide Para 39 of The Judgment Of Hon’ble Supreme Court in WP No. 115 Of 2009- Aruna Ramchandra Shanbaug vs UoI and Others).
The draft bill called Terminally Ill Patients(Protection of Patients and Medical Practitioners ) Bill deals with many aspects of Passive Euthanasia and the concept of Living Will. The relevant provisions for the medical practitioners are as follows
Refusal of Medical Treatment by a Competent Patient and its binding nature on Medical Practitioners
(1) Every competent patient including minor aged above 16 years has a right to take a decision and express the desire to the medical practitioner attending on her or him:-
- For withholding or withdrawing of medical treatment to herself or himself and to allow nature to take its own course, or
- For starting or continuing medical treatment to herself or himself.
(2) When a patient referred to in sub-section (1)Communicates her or his decision to the medical practitioner, such decision is binding on the medical practitioner,
Provided that the medical practitioner is satisfied that the patient is a competent patient and that the patient has taken an informed decision based upon a free exercise of her or his free will and.
Provided further that in the case of minor above 16 years of age, the consent has also been given by the major spouse and the parents.
(3) Before proceeding further to give effect to the decision of the competent patient, the medical practitioner shall inform the spouse, parent or major son or daughter of the patient or in their absence any relative or other person regularly visiting the patient at the hospital about the need or otherwise of withholding or withdrawing treatment from the patient and shall desist from giving effect to the decision for a period of three days following the intimation given to the said patient’s relations.
Authority to prepare panel of medical experts.
(1) The Director-General of Health Services, Central Government and the Director of Medical Services (or officer holding equivalent post) in each State shall, prepare a panel of medical experts for purposes of this Act and more than one panel may be notified to server the needs of different areas.
(2) The panels referred to in sub-section (1) shall include experienced medical experts in various branches such as medicine, surgery, critical care medicine or any other specialty as decided by the said authority.
(3) The Director General of Health Services may consult the Directors of Medical Services or the equivalent rank officer in regard to the composition of panel in order to ensure uniformity, as far as practicable.
(4) The panels prepared under sub-section (1) shall be published in the respective websites of the said authorities and the panels may be reviewed and modified by the authorities specified in sub-section (1) from time to time and such modifications shall also be published on the websites, as the case may be.
Medical Practitioner to maintain record and inform patient, parent etc.
The medical practitioner attending on the patient shall maintain a record containing personal details of the patient such as age and full address, the nature of illness and the treatment being given and the names of spouse, parent or major son or daughter, the request or decision if any communicated by the patient and his opinion whether it would be in the best interest of the patient to withdraw or withhold the treatment. The medical practitioner shall inform the patient if conscious and the spouse, parent or major son or daughter of patient or in their absence the persons regularly visiting the patient at the hospital about the need or otherwise of withholding or withdrawing treatment from the patient.
Palliative care for competent and incompetent patients.-
Even though medical treatment has been withheld or withdrawn by the medical practitioner in the case of competent patients and incompetent patients in accordance with the foregoing provisions, such medical practitioner is not debarred from administering palliative care
Protection of competent patients from criminal action in certain circumstances.
Where a competent patient refuses medical treatment in circumstances mentioned in section 3, notwithstanding anything contained in the Indian Panel Code (45of 1860), such a patient shall be deemed to be not guilty of any offence under that code or under any other law for the time being in force
Protection of medical practitioners and other acting under their direction, in relation to competent and incompetent patients:
Where a medical practitioner or any other person acting under the direction of medical practitioner withholds or withdraws medical treatment in respect of a competent patient on the basis of the desired expressed by the patient which on the assessment of a medical practitioner is in her or his best interest, then notwithstanding anything contained in any other law, such action of the medical practitioner or those acting under his direction and of the hospital concerned shall deemed to be lawful provided that the medical practitioner has concerned with the requirement of section 3 and 5.
Permission to be obtained from high court and the procedure.
(1) Any near relative, next friend, legal guardian of patient, the medical practitioner or para- medical staff generally attending on the patient or the management of the hospital where the patient has been receiving treatment or any other person obtaining the leave of court, may apply to the high court having territorial jurisdiction for granting permission for withholding or withdrawing medical treatment of an incompetent patient or a competent patient who has not taken informed decision.
(2) Such application shall be treated as original petition and the Chief Justice of High Court shall assign the same to a division bench without any loss of time and the same shall be disposed of by the high court as far as practicable within a month,
Provided that a letter addressed to the registrar- general or judicial registrar of the high court by any of the persons above mentioned containing all the material particulars seeking the permission under sub-section (1) shall be placed before the chief justice without delay and the letter shall be treatedas original petition.
(3) The division bench of the high court may, if deemed necessary, appoint an amicus curiae to assists the court and where a patient is unrepresented, direct legal aid to be provided to such patient.
(4) The high court shall take necessary steps to obtain the expert medical opinion of three medical practitioners drawn from the panel prepared under section 4 and any other expert medical practitioner if considered necessary and issue appropriate directions for the payment to be made towards the remuneration of the experts.
(5) The high court shall, having due regard to the report of panel of experts and the wishes of close relations, namely spouse, parents, major children or in their absence such other persons whom the high court deems fit to put on notice and on consideration of the best interests of the patient , pass orders granting or refusing permission or granting permission subject to any conditions.
(6) The medical practitioner or the hospital management or staff who in accordance with the order of high court, withholds or withdraws medical treatment to the patient concerned shall, notwithstanding any othe law in force, be absolved of any criminal or civil liablility.
Confidentiality for purpose of section9 (previous section)
The division bench of the High Court may, whenever a petition under section 9 is filed, direct that the identity of the patient and of his or her parents or spouse, the identity of the medical practitioner and hospitals, the identity of the medical experts referred to in section 4, or of other experts or witnesses consulted by the court or who have given evidence in the court, shall, during the pendency of the petition, and after its disposal, be kept confidential and shall be referred only by the English alphabets.
Advance Medical Directives as to medical treatment and Medical Power-of-Attorney to be void and not binding on medical practitioners.
Every advance medical directive (called living will) or medical power-of-attorney executed by a person shall be void and of no effect and shall not be binding on any medical practitioner.
Medical council of india to issue guidelines.
(1) Consistent with the provisions of this act, the Medical Council of India may prepare and issue guidelines, from time to time for the guidance of medical practitioners in the matter of withholding or withdrawing of medical treatment to competent or incompetent patients suffering from terminal illness.
(2) The Medical Council of India may review and modify the guidelines from time to time.
(3) the guidelines and modifications thereto, if any shall be published on the website and a press release may be issued to that effect.
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