Encouraging results from real-world users of HIV-prevention pill

During the study, participants had no new HIV infections.

Half of them did have new STIs, however.

The study can't say whether the high rate of STIs is due to PrEP use. STI diagnoses may have gone up because patients on PrEP tend to make more doctors' visits, allowing more opportunities for infections to be found.

Forty-one percent of 143 study participants reported a decrease in condom use. But Dr. Jonathan Volk, an infectious disease physician at Kaiser Permanente San Francisco Medical Center and the study's lead author, said there may be reasonable explanations for this finding, such as people entering monogamous relationships.

Given the high rate of STIs and the number of participants who said they didn't use condoms, it's likely that without the pill "we would have seen some new HIV infections," Volk said.

A second study of Truvada, published in The Lancet, found that gay men who started on PrEP had significantly fewer new HIV infections than gay men who had to wait a year for the pill.

There were one to two new HIV infections per 100 people per year among those on PrEP, compared to about nine new infections per 100 participants per year in the group with delayed access.

"When you do the math, the reduction was an 86 percent decrease," said Dr. Kenneth Mayer, the founder, co-Chair and medical research director of The Fenway Institute in Boston.

Also, two-thirds of those who took PrEP but were still diagnosed with HIV during the UK research were likely already infected when they started the study, said Mayer, who co-wrote an editorial accompanying the study.

Once the drug was found to be so effective, the researchers in the UK stopped the study to give all participants PrEP.

In the San Francisco-area study, it's impossible to truly know how many infections may have been prevented without comparing the data to a similar group of people not using PrEP, Volk said.

Based on estimates from clinical trial data, as many as 35 new HIV infections may have been prevented among the PrEP users.

In the UK study, Mayer said, participants' risky sexual behaviors didn't change after PrEP.

"The data say that people don’t necessarily increase their risky behaviors and they don’t decrease their risk in this kind of setting either," he said.

Volk said the next step is to learn how to get PrEP to other high-risk populations, such as transgender women.

"I don’t think PrEP is the magic bullet, but we know that it does work really well," he said. "It’s great to know we have options.”

SOURCES: bit.ly/1M21Mb8 Clinical Infectious Diseases, online September 1, 2015, andbit.ly/1UIgEmL and bit.ly/1UIgICX The Lancet, online September 9, 2015.