The study was led by Seckin O. Ulualp and colleagues from the Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA. The researchers reviewed clinical records to determine how frequently PLMS occur in children with OSA and how these movements change after AT.
Between January 2022 and July 2023, the team analyzed data from 1,159 children (median age: 5 years; 58.3% boys) who underwent AT at a tertiary care children's hospital. The severity of OSA was classified based on the obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI), with mild cases defined as 1–4 events per hour, moderate as 5–9, and severe as 10 or more. An elevated periodic limb movement index (PLMI) was defined as more than five limb movements per hour during sleep, measured through polysomnography.
The study revealed the following findings:
- 9.8% of children had elevated PLMI before surgery.
- Prevalence did not significantly differ by sex, race, or weight, but age played a major role.
- Compared with toddlers, preschoolers were 22 times more likely, grade-schoolers 35 times more likely, and teenagers 31 times more likely to have elevated PLMI.
- Children with moderate OSA had 2.3 times higher odds of elevated PLMI than those with mild OSA, while those with severe OSA had nearly twice the odds.
- Among 54 children with elevated PLMI who underwent follow-up sleep studies after surgery, 85% showed complete resolution, while 15% continued to have elevated scores.
- Overall, PLMI decreased significantly after adenotonsillectomy, dropping from an average of 11.9 events per hour to 2.9 events per hour.
- Children with residual OSA after surgery were more likely to continue having elevated PLMI compared with those whose OSA was fully resolved.
“The potential clinical implications of our findings are the consideration of adenotonsillectomy for the initial management of children with OSA and elevated PLMI and counseling caregivers regarding the treatment of elevated PLMI,” the authors wrote.
The study, published in The Laryngoscope, highlights the dual benefit of AT—not only addressing the airway obstruction characteristic of OSA but also significantly reducing associated limb movements that may disrupt sleep quality.
However, the researchers acknowledged certain limitations. Being a retrospective study, detailed information on sleep characteristics, symptom changes, and ferritin levels could not be systematically assessed. Additionally, only a small subset of children underwent both pre- and post-surgery sleep studies, limiting the scope of subgroup comparisons.
"Despite these challenges, the findings provide strong support for the use of adenotonsillectomy in managing OSA-related complications in children, with evidence showing that most will experience substantial improvement in both breathing-related and movement-related sleep disturbances," the authors concluded.
Reference:
Niksic, A., Ulualp, S. O., Chapel, A. C., Liu, C., Lenes-Voit, F., & Mitchell, R. B. Periodic Limb Movements Before and After Adenotonsillectomy in Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea. The Laryngoscope. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.32314
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