Bronchial asthma, commonly known as just asthma, is a chronic respiratory condition that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways in the lungs. This can make it difficult to breathe and result in symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness.

Asthma can be triggered by a variety of factors, including allergens (such as pollen or pet dander), exercise, cold air, stress, and irritants (such as smoke or air pollution) when these triggers cause the airways to become inflamed, the muscles around them may tighten and produce excess mucus, further narrowing the airways and making it even harder to breathe.

There is currently no cure for asthma, but it can be managed with medications (such as bronchodilators and corticosteroids) and by avoiding triggers whenever possible. With proper management, most people with asthma can lead active, healthy lives.

How is Asthma diagnosed?

Asthma is usually diagnosed by a doctor or a specialist, such as a pulmonologist. The diagnosis is typically based on a combination of factors, including the patient's medical history, symptoms, physical exam, and lung function tests.

The doctor will usually start by asking about the patient's symptoms, such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. They will also ask about any triggers that seem to make the symptoms worse. The doctor may perform a physical exam, including listening to the patient's breathing with a stethoscope.

The most important test for diagnosing asthma is called spirometry, which measures how much air the patient can exhale and how quickly they can do it. This test is often done before and after using a bronchodilator medication to see if the medication helps to open up the airways.

How is Asthma managed medically?

The medical management of asthma typically involves the use of medications to help control the underlying inflammation and narrowing of the airways. The specific medications prescribed will depend on the severity of asthma and the individual patient's needs, and treatment may be adjusted over time based on the patient's response.

In addition to medication, patients with asthma are also advised to avoid triggers that can make their symptoms worse, such as allergens, irritants, and exercise. Regular monitoring and follow-up with a doctor are also essential to ensure that the patient's asthma is well-controlled and to adjust treatment as needed.

Precautions

Patients with asthma should take certain precautions to help manage their condition and reduce the risk of asthma attacks. Here are some general guidelines:

• Avoid triggers:

Patients should identify and avoid triggers that can worsen their asthma symptoms, such as allergens, smoke, air pollution, and exercise. They should also take steps to reduce exposure to indoor allergens like dust mites, pet dander, and mould.

• Take medications as prescribed:

Patients should take their asthma medications as prescribed, even when they feel well. Skipping medication or reducing the dose without a doctor's approval can increase the risk of asthma attacks.

• Use a peak flow meter:

Patients may be advised to use a peak flow meter at home to measure their lung function and monitor for changes that may indicate worsening asthma. They should report any changes to their doctor right away.

• Have an asthma action plan:

Patients should work with their doctor to develop an asthma action plan that outlines what to do in case of an asthma attack or worsening symptoms. The plan may include specific medications to take, when to seek emergency care, and how to manage triggers.

• Keep rescue medication on hand:

Patients should keep their short-acting bronchodilator medication (such as albuterol) on hand at all times in case of an asthma attack.

• Get vaccinated:

Patients with asthma should get vaccinated against the flu and other respiratory infections to reduce the risk of complications.

• Regular follow-up:

Patients should see their doctor regularly for follow-up visits to assess their asthma control and adjust treatment as needed.

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