COVID-19: One in three infected but unvaccinated persons no longer have detectable antibodies one year after the infection

A prospective seroprevalence study in the Catalan population underlines the need to get vaccinated despite having been infected, and confirms that hybrid immunity (vaccination plus infection) is more robust and long-lasting.

Both infection and vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 contribute to building a population's immunity to the virus - an important factor for deciding when and to whom booster shots should be offered. Although immunity against a pathogen is more than antibodies, the easiest strategy for assessing population immunity is to perform seroepidemiological studies.

In this study, the research team performed a second measurement in a population-based cohort from Catalonia six months after the start of the vaccination campaign (the first one was just after the first confinement), to monitor the level and type of antibodies against five viral antigens (the whole Spike (S) protein, the RBD receptor binding domain, the S2 fragment, the full nucleocaspid (N) protein, or the N-terminal fragment). They also used information from a questionnaire and health records to identify potential factors that determine the magnitude an duration of the antibody response in unvaccinated, vaccinated, or vaccinated and infected persons. A total of 1,076 people, aged 43 to 72 years, were included in the analysis.

The results yielded three main conclusions:

First, that in 36% of infected but unvaccinated persons, antibodies were no longer detectable almost a year after the infection, particularly in those older than 60 years and smokers.

Second, that vaccination induced significantly higher antibody levels in people who had a prior infection, as compared to those without prior infection; and that these levels were strongly associated with the magnitude of the response during the infection.

Third, the factor most strongly associated with the level of antibodies is the type of vaccine - Moderna's Spikevax generated the highest levels of antibodies. Other factors also appear to play a role: people older than 60 or with mental illness had lower antibody levels post- vaccination.

Reference:

Marianna Karachaliou et al,SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccination and antibody response trajectories in adults: a cohort study in Catalonia.10.1186/s12916-022-02547-2