Sexual and or gender minority disparities in obstetrical and birth outcomes

A population-based cohort study of live birth hospitalizations during 2016 to 2019 linked to birth certificates in California. California changed its birth certificate in 2016 to include gender-neutral fields such as "parent giving birth" and "parent not giving birth," with options for each role to specify "mother," "father," or "parent." they classified birthing patients in mother-mother partnerships and those who identified as a father in any partnership as likely sexual and/or gender minority and classified birthing patients in mother-father partnerships as likely nonsexual or gender minority.

Study used a multivariable modified Poisson regression models to estimate the risk ratios for associations between likely sexual and/or gender minority parental structures and outcomes. The study found that in the final birthing patient sample, 14,83,119 were mothers with father partners, 2572 were mothers with mother partners, and 498 were fathers with any partner.