Scientists uncover how cinnamon's bioactive compounds influence cancer pathways

Used for centuries in traditional medicine, cinnamon’s health effects have long been explored in the context of blood sugar regulation and metabolic health. Now, with growing interest in natural plant compounds as affordable supplements to conventional medicine, scientists are investigating whether compounds from cinnamon might also block or slow cancer development.

The review analyzed a large body of in vitro (cell-based) and animal studies exploring how cinnamon influences molecular pathways linked to cancer. The main compound, cinnamaldehyde, along with others such as caffeic acid, eugenol, and procyanidin B2, showed the strongest biological impact. These phytochemicals were found to trigger apoptosis (programmed cancer cell death), limit proliferation, and reduce metastatic ability in multiple tumor models. Modified derivatives of cinnamic acid even showed anti metastatic benefits, highlighting how small chemical changes can amplify their therapeutic potential.

Mechanistic studies revealed that cinnamon compounds can suppress key transcription factors such as NF κB and AP 1, which drive inflammation, cell survival, and angiogenesis in cancers. In mouse tumor models, cinnamon treatment reduced NF κB activity and tumor size. The team also noted that cinnamon activates Nrf2, a protective factor regulating antioxidant and detoxification genes-potentially helpful in preventing cancer initiation but possibly risky in established tumors where Nrf2 can aid survival and treatment resistance.

Moreover, cinnamon extracts appear to curb angiogenesis by dampening VEGF and HIF 1α signaling—pathways that tumors exploit to build blood vessels. Early evidence also suggests cinnamon polyphenols may favor healthier gut microbiome balance and reduce chronic inflammation, both critical for cancer prevention.

Still, experts stress that dietary doses likely fall below active therapeutic levels, and compounds like coumarin—naturally present in cinnamon—can cause liver toxicity at high concentrations. Future research must establish safe dosing, long term effects, and delivery methods to enhance bioavailability.

While the results are promising, the review concludes that cinnamon’s anti cancer promise remains preliminary. For now, the spice can be part of a healthy diet—but its medical potential awaits confirmation through rigorous clinical trials and standardized formulations.

REFERENCE: Anderson, M., Hrivnak, W., Prak, K., Stockert, A. (2025). Potential effects of cinnamon on cancer prevention and progression. Frontiers in Nutrition, 12. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1717834, https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1717834/full