American Academy of Pediatrics Warns of Dangers Linked to Raw Milk, Dairy Products

Unpasteurised milk and dairy products can expose children and pregnant people to serious infections, according to updated guidance from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).

Published in Pediatrics, the updated policy statement calls for a ban on the sale and distribution of raw milk and unpasteurised dairy products, including raw cheeses. The AAP says claims that raw milk provides greater health benefits than pasteurised milk are not supported by scientific evidence.

Raw milk can contain harmful pathogens including Listeria, E. coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter and Brucella. These infections can cause severe illness, hospitalisation, miscarriage, premature delivery and, in some cases, death.

Children are particularly vulnerable. Nearly half of illnesses linked to raw dairy consumption occur in people younger than 20, with a substantial proportion occurring among children under five, according to the AAP.

Pregnant people also face a higher risk from certain foodborne infections. Listeriosis, for example, occurs at an estimated 12 to 14 times higher rate during pregnancy than in the general population. Infection can result in miscarriage, stillbirth, premature birth or severe illness in newborns.

The updated guidance also highlights a potential risk from highly pathogenic avian influenza, or H5N1. During the 2024 US dairy outbreak, H5N1 virus was detected in nearly one-quarter of raw milk samples collected in affected areas. Research indicates that the virus can enter milk from infected cattle, reach high concentrations and remain detectable in refrigerated raw milk for several weeks.

Pasteurisation involves heating milk to destroy harmful bacteria and other pathogens before consumption. The AAP says this process substantially reduces infection risks without removing the essential nutritional value of milk.

The updated statement replaces guidance issued in 2014 and reaffirmed in 2025. The AAP continues to recommend pasteurised milk and dairy products, particularly for infants, children and pregnant people.

REFERENCE: Adam J. Ratner, et al.; Consumption of Unpasteurized (Raw) Milk and Milk Products by Pregnant People and Children; Pediatrics; American Academy of Pediatrics 2026 National Conference & Exhibition