• Demonstrate the ability to evaluate scientific/clinical information and critically analyze conflicting data and hypothesis.
II. Subject-Specific Competencies
At the end of the course, the student should have acquired the following competencies:
1. Cognitive Domain
• Describe the gross anatomy of the entire body, including the upper limb, lower limb, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, perineum, head and neck, brain, and spinal cord
. • Explain the normal disposition of gross structure, and their interrelationship in the human body. She/He should be able to analyze the integrated functions of organs systems and locate the site of gross lesions according to deficits encountered. Learn cross-sectional anatomy of the whole body in order to interprete MRI and CT scan
• Describe the process of gametogenesis, fertilization, implantation, and placenta formation in early human embryonic development, along with its variation and applied anatomy.
• Demonstrate knowledge about the sequential development of organs and systems along with its clinical anatomy, recognize critical stages of development and effects of common teratogens, genetic mutations, and environmental hazards. She/He should be able to explain the developmental and genetic/molecular basis of variations and congenital anomalies.
• Explain the principles of light, transmission and scanning, compound, electron, fluorescent, conofocal, and virtual microscopy.
• Describe the microscopic structure of various tissues & organs and correlate structure with functions as a prerequisite for understanding the altered state in various disease processes.
• Demonstrate knowledge about cell and its components, cell cycle, cellular differentiation, and proliferation.
• Describe the structure, number, classification, abnormalities, and syndromes related to human chromosomes.
• Describe important procedures in cytogenetics and molecular genetics with their application.
• Demonstrate knowledge about patterns of mendelian inheritance, intermediate pattern and multiple alleles, mutations, non-mendelian inheritance, mitochondrial inheritance, genome imprinting and uniparental disomy/ isodisomy.
• Describe the multifactorial pattern of inheritance, teratology, structure gene, molecular screening, cancer genetics, and pharmacogenetics.
• Demonstrate knowledge about reproductive genetics, assisted reproduction, prenatal diagnosis, genetic counseling, and ethics in genetics.
Describe epigenetics and its clinical significance.
• Explain the principles of gene therapy and its applied knowledge.
• Describe the immune system and cell types involved in the defense mechanisms of the body. Also, explain gross features, cytoarchitecture, functions, development, and histogenesis of various primary and secondary lymphoid organs in the body.
• Demonstrate applications of knowledge of structure & development of tissue organ system to comprehend deviations from normal.
• Demonstrate knowledge about recent advances in medical sciences, which facilitate comprehension of structure-function correlations and applications in clinical problem-solving.
• Explain the collection, maintenance, and application of stem cells, cryobanking, and principles of organ donation from the recently procured cadaver. Demonstrate knowledge about the surface marking of all regions of the body
. • Able to interpret various radiographs of the body, normal CT Scan, ultrasound, and MRI.
• Demonstrate knowledge about different anthropological traits and the use of related instruments.
• Demonstrate knowledge about the outline of comparative anatomy of the whole body and basic human evolution.
• Demonstrate knowledge about the identification of human bones, and determination of sex, age, and height for medico-legal application of anatomy
2. Affective Domain
• Demonstrate self-awareness and personal development in routine conduct. (Self-awareness)
• Communicate effectively with peers, students, and teachers in various teaching-learning activities. (Communication)
• Demonstrate
i. Due respect in handling human body parts & cadavers during dissection. (Ethics & Professionalism)
ii. Humane touch while demonstrating living surface marking in subject/patient. (Ethics & Professionalism)
• Acquire the capacity of not letting his/her personal beliefs, prejudices, and limitations come in the way of duty.
• Appreciate the issues of equity and social accountability while exposing students to early clinical exposure. (Equity and social accountability)
3. Psychomotor Domain
At the end of the course, the student should be able to:
• Identify, locate and demonstrate surface marking of clinically important structures in the cadaver and correlate it with living anatomy.
• Acquire mastery in dissection skills, embalming, tissue preparation, staining, and museum preparation.
• Locate and identify clinically relevant structures in dissected cadavers.
• Locate and identify cells & tissues under the microscope. • Identify important structures visualized by imaging techniques, specifically radiographs, computerized tomography (CT) scans, MRI, and ultrasonography.
• Demonstrate various movements at the important joints and actions of various groups of muscles in the human body.
• Demonstrate the anatomical basis of common clinical procedures expected to be performed by a basic medical doctor.
• Demonstrate different methods of teaching-learning and make presentations of the subject topics and research outputs.
4. Specific practice-based competencies: A. Gross anatomy:
• Procurement, Embalming, and Preservation of human cadavers for teaching and transport purposes. Knowledge and practice of plastination and awareness about body donation procurement
• Preparation of tanks for preserving bodies
•Dissection of cadaver
• Window dissection of important regions
• Preparation of specimens for the museum with display
i. soft parts
ii. models
iii. charts
• Preparation and preservation of human bones/skeleton as assigned by the Faculty
B. Histology
• Preparation of common fixatives embalming fluid 10% formalin, Bouin's fluid, etc
• Making paraffin blocks and section cutting (rotary microtome) and mounting
• Preparation of staining set for H and E staining and staining paraffin sections with the stain
• Making celloidin, araldite, gelatin blocks and their section cutting(optional)
• Processing hard tissues, decalcification of bones, block making and sectioning, and preparation of ground sections of calcified bones.
• Knowledge about Frozen section cutting on freezing microtome and cryostat
• Honing and Stropping of microtome knives, including sharpening by automatic knife sharpener
• Histology file in which LM and EM pictures of all the organs and tissues of the body should be drawn and a small description of salient features written
Log Book - maintain log book-journal clubs or presentation weekly of the latest research papers in the field of
• Number of embalming observed conducted to be noted.
• Conference attended, and paper/poster presented
• Extraordinary achievements
C. Histochemical Methods
• Practical classes for staining of glycogen, mucopolysaccharides, alkaline phosphatase acid phosphatase, and calcium (e.g., PAS, Masson's trichrome, Nissl's,)
D. Cytogenetics
• Preparation of media, different solutions, stains, etc.
• Human chromosome preparation from peripheral blood and karyotyping.
• Banding techniques (G 4.4 Making of Pedigree charts for the study of patterns of inheritance.
• Chromosomal Analysis.
E. Neuroanatomy:
• Dissection of the brain and spinal cord for teaching and learning purpose
• Preparation of brain and spinal cord macroscopic and microscopic sections and identification of different parts in them.
• Discussions on clinical problems related to neurological disorders and anatomical explanation for the same. OR Draw diagrams in Neuroanatomy gross journal
III. Syllabus
A postgraduate student, after three years of training in DNB (Anatomy) should have acquired knowledge in the following aspects of anatomy:
1. Section – 1 (Gross Anatomy)
• Gross Anatomy of the entire body including upper limb, lower limb, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, perineum, head and neck, brain, and spinal cord
2. Section – 2 (Developmental anatomy/embryology)
• General embryology: gametogenesis, fertilization, implantation and placenta, early human embryonic development.
• Systemic embryology: development of organ systems and associated common congenital abnormalities with teratogenesis.
• Physiological and molecular regulation of development correlations of congenital anomalies.
3. Section - 3 (Histology and histochemistry)
A. Cell Biology:
• Cytoplasm - cytoplasmic matrix, cell membrane, cell organelles, cytoskeleton, cell inclusions, cilia, and flagella.
• Nucleus - nuclear envelope, nuclear matrix, DNA and other components of chromatin, protein synthesis, nucleolus, nuclear changes indicating cell death.
• Cell cycle - mitosis, meiosis, cell renewal.
• Cellular differentiation and proliferation
B. Microscopic structure of the body:
• Principles of light, transmission, and scanning, electron, fluorescent, confocal and virtual microscopy.
• The systems/organs of the body - Cellular organization, light and electron microscopic features, structure-function correlations, and cellular organization.
4. Section – 4 (Neuroanatomy)
• Brain and its environment, Development of the nervous system, Neuron and Neuroglia, Somatic sensory system, Olfactory, and optic pathways, Cochleovestibular and gustatory pathways, Motor pathways, Central autonomic pathways, Hypothalamo-hypophyseal system, Limbic system, Basal ganglia, Reticular system, Cross-Sectional anatomy of the brain and spinal cord.
• Detailed structure of the central nervous system and its applied aspect
5. Section – 5 (Genetics)
• Human Chromosomes - Structure, number and classification, methods of chromosome preparation banding patterns. Chromosome abnormalities, Autosomal and Sex chromosomal abnormalities syndromes, Molecular and Cytogenetics.
• Single gene pattern inheritance: Autosomal and Sex chromosomal pattern of inheritance, Intermediate pattern and multiple alleles, Mutations, Non-
• Mendelian inheritance, Mitochondrial inheritance, Genome imprinting,
• Multifactorial pattern of inheritance: Criteria for a multifactorial inheritance,
• Teratology, Structure gene, Molecular Screening, Cancer Genetics -
• Reproduction Genetics, Assisted reproduction, pre-implantation genetics, Prenatal diagnosis, Genetic Counseling.
• Principles of Gene therapy and its applied aspects.
6. Section – 6 (Immunology)
• Immune system and the cell types involved in the defense mechanisms of the body. Gross features, cytoarchitecture, functions, development, and histogenesis of various primary and secondary lymphoid organs in the body.
• Biological and clinical significance of the major histocompatibility complex of man, including its role in transplantation, disease susceptibility/resistance, and genetic control of the immune response.
7. Section – 7 (Applied anatomy and recent advances)
Clinical correlations of structure and functions of the human body. Anatomical basis and explanations for clinical problems.
Training of students to demonstrate certain investigative procedures, e.g., Lumbar puncture, Pleural pericardial, ascitic tap. Etc.
Applications of knowledge of development, structural (microscopy), and neuroanatomy to comprehend deviations from normal.
Recent advances in medical sciences which facilitate comprehension of structure-function correlations and applications in clinical problem-solving.
Collection, maintenance, and application of stem cells, cryobanking, and principles of organ donation from recently dead bodies.
8. Section – 8 (Surface Marking and Radiology)
• Surface marking of all regions of the body. Interpretation of normal radiographs of the body, including special contrast procedures including barium studies, cholecystography, pyelography, salpingography, HSG, Normal CT Scan, MRI, and Ultrasound.
9. Section – 9 (Anthropology)
• Different anthropological traits, Identification, and use of Anthropological Instruments.
• Outline of comparative anatomy of the whole body and basic human Evolution
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