DNB Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion: Admission, Medical Colleges, Fee, Eligibility Criteria Details Here

DNB Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion or Diplomate of National Board in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion also known as DNB in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion is a Postgraduate level course for doctors in India that is done by them after completion of their MBBS. The duration of this postgraduate course is 3 years, and it focuses on the study of various concepts related to the field of characteristics of transfusion of blood and blood components and deals with the diagnosis of blood disorders.

The course is a full-time course pursued at various accredited institutes/hospitals across the country. Some of the top accredited institutes/hospitals offering this course include Dr. B L Kapur Memorial Hospital- New Delhi, Government Medical College Karan- Nagar, Srinagar, Medanta – Gurgaon, and more.

Admission to this course is done through the NEET PG Entrance exam conducted by the National Board of Examinations, followed by counselling based on the scores of the exam that is conducted by DGHS/MCC/State Authorities.

The fee for pursuing DNB (Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion) from accredited institutes/hospitals is Rs. 1,25,000 per year.

After completion of their respective course, doctors can either join the job market or pursue a super-specialization course where DNB Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion is a feeder qualification. Candidates can take reputed jobs at positions as Senior residents, Junior Consultants, Consultants, etc. with an approximate salary range of Rs. 9,00,000 to Rs. 27,00,000 per year.

DNB is equivalent to MD/MS/DM/MCh degrees awarded respectively in medical and surgical super specialties. The list of recognized qualifications awarded by the Board in various broad and super specialties as approved by the Government of India are included in the first schedule of the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956.

The Diplomate of National Board in broad-specialty qualifications and super specialty qualifications when granted in a medical institution with the attached hospital or in a hospital with the strength of five hundred or more beds, by the National Board of Examinations, shall be equivalent in all respects to the corresponding postgraduate qualification and the super-specialty qualification granted under the Act, but in all other cases, senior residency in a medical college for an additional period of one year shall be required for such qualification to be equivalent for the purposes of teaching also.

What is DNB in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion?

Diplomate of National Board in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion, also known as DNB (Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion) or DNB in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion is a three-year postgraduate programme that candidates can pursue after completing MBBS.

Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion is the branch of medical science dealing with the study of antigen-antibody reactions and analogous phenomena as they relate to the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of blood disorders.

The National Board of Examinations (NBE) has released a curriculum for DNB in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion.

The curriculum governs the education and training of DNB in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion.

PG education intends to create specialists who can contribute to high-quality health care and advances in science through research and training.

The required training done by a postgraduate specialist in the field of Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion would help the specialist recognize the community's health needs. The student should be competent to handle medical problems effectively and should be aware of the recent advances in their speciality.

The candidate should be a highly competent specialist in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion possessing a broad range of skills that will enable her/him to practice Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion independently. The PG candidate should also acquire the basic skills in the teaching medical/para-medical students.

The candidate is also expected to know the principles of research methodology and modes of the consulting library. The candidate should regularly attend conferences, workshops, and CMEs to upgrade her/ his knowledge.

Course Highlights

Here are some of the course highlights of DNB in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion

Eligibility Criteria

The eligibility criteria for DNB in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion are defined as the set of rules or minimum prerequisites that aspirants must meet in order to be eligible for admission, which includes:

• Candidates must be in possession of an undergraduate MBBS degree from any college/university recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI) now NMC.

• Candidates should have done a compulsory rotating internship of one year in a teaching institution or other institution which is recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI) now NMC.

• The candidate must have obtained permanent registration of any State Medical Council to be eligible for admission.

• The medical college's recognition cut-off dates for the MBBS Degree courses and compulsory rotatory Internship shall be as prescribed by the Medical Council of India (now NMC).

• Candidates who have passed the final examination, leading to the award of a Post Graduate Degree (MD/MS) from an Indian University, which is duly recognized as per provisions of the National Medical Commission (NMC) Act, 2019 and the first schedule of the IMC Act can apply for the DNB Final examination in the same broad specialty.

Admission Process

The admission process contains a few steps to be followed in order by the candidates for admission to DNB in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion. Candidates can view the complete admission process for DNB in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion mentioned below:

• The NEET PG or National Eligibility Entrance Test for Post Graduate is a national-level master's level examination conducted by the NBE for admission to MD/MS/PG Diploma Courses.
• The requirement of eligibility criteria for participation in counselling towards PG seat allotment conducted by the concerned counselling authority shall be in lieu of the Post Graduate Medical Education Regulations (as per the latest amendment) notified by the MCI (now NMC) with prior approval of MoHFW.

Fees Structure

The fee structure for DNB in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion varies from accredited institute/hospital to hospital. The fee is generally less for Government Institutes and more for private institutes. The average fee structure for DNB in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion is Rs. 1,25,000 per year.

Colleges offering DNB in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion

There are various accredited institutes/hospitals across India that offer courses for pursuing DNB (Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion).

As per the National Board of Examinations website, the following accredited institutes/hospitals are offering DNB (Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion) courses for the academic year 2022-23.

Syllabus

A DNB in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion is a three years specialization course that provides training in the stream of Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion.

The course content for DNB in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion is given in the NBE Curriculum released by the National Board of Examinations, which can be assessed through the link mentioned below:

DNB Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion in India: Check Out NBE Released Curriculum

1. Immunology and Immunogenetics

i. Level I

• Understand the basic principles of immunoglobulins, antigen, antibody and complements.

• Understand complement activation pathways and their role in transfusion medicine

• Understand the antibody development after immunization and infection.

• Understand the principles of antigen antibody reaction and factors affecting these reactions.

• Understand the antigen systems of formed elements of blood such as red cells, platelets and leukocytes and be able to know their implications in transfusion medicine.

• Understand the principles of structural and functional evaluation of B cells, T cells, NK cells.

• Understand the principles of classification of primary immune deficiency diseases, including defects in humoral immunity, cellular immunity.

• Understand the principles of basic genetics with regard to Mendelian law of inheritance, phenotype / genotype and population genetics.

• Know the nomenclature, organization and polymorphism of the human major histocompatibility complex, including HLA class I, II, and III genes. ii. Level II

• Know the Hybridoma technology and be able to understand its role in Immunohematology

• Understand the role of HLA typing in organ and bone marrow/stem cell transplantation and how HLA antigen mismatching results in allogeneic reactions in recipients.

• Know HLA typing techniques, including serological methods, microcytotoxicity assays, nucleic acid assays and lymphocyte culture techniques.

• Understand the HLA association with disease

2. Physiology of the formed elements of blood and hemostasis

i. Level I

• Understand the basic physiology and biochemistry of red cells, platelets and leukocytes in terms of their kinetics, function and life span

• Understand hemoglobin structure, synthesis, function and degradation.

• Know the membrane structure and function of red cells, platelets and leukocytes and be able to apply their implication in transfusion medicine

• Understand the principles of hemoglobin screening

• Describe iron and bilirubin metabolism

• Understand the physiology of hemostasis with regard role of platelets, coagulation pathway and fibrinolysis

• Understand the pathophysiology of thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis

• Know the pathophysiology and laboratory features of intravascular and extravascular hemolysis.

• Develop basic understanding of hemostatic and thrombotic disorders:

• Understand the coagulopathy of liver disease;

• Understand the pathophysiology of vitamin K deficiency and antagonism;

• Understand the laboratory evaluation of disseminated intravascular coagulation;

• Understand the pathophysiology of the hemophilias (A, B, and C)

ii. Level II

• Understand hemodynamic of blood flow, estimation of blood volume and be able to interpret the application of radionuclides tagging for blood volume estimation

• Understand the pathophysiology of immune thrombocytopenia and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

• Demonstrate competency in taking a bleeding history.

• Understand the general principles & clinical utility of platelet function testing.

• Understand the clinical utility of coagulation and thrombosis testing.

• Understand the general principles of screening coagulation tests (e.g., prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, and thrombin time).

• Understand the International Normalized Ratio derivation and its clinical significance.

3. Blood Collection/Blood Center/Component Processing

i. Level I

• Describe the factors that influence the motivation of volunteers to donate blood

• Demonstrate professionalism in interactions with prospective donors.

• Be able to know the clinical relevance of directed donation

• Compare and contrast the eligibility requirements for allogeneic, autologous & apheresis blood donations.

• Understand various types of autologous blood collection and their application in clinical transfusion service

• Demonstrate proficiency in collection of whole blood with regard to preparation of phlebotomy site, proper volume and sample collection

• Demonstrate proficiency in evaluating and treating adverse reactions associated with blood donation/phlebotomy (whole blood and apheresis donations).

• Understand the factors influencing quality of blood bag for whole blood collection

• Demonstrate the proficiency in organization of outdoor blood donation camp and be able mto understand importance of cold chain maintenance.

• Demonstrate knowledge of the indications for therapeutic phlebotomy.

• Outline the assay principles of required donor blood tests such as donor Hb for whole blood donation and platelet count for plateletpheresis and the associated confirmatory testing and describe donor re-entry algorithms.

• Understand the process of platelepheresis

• Summarize the steps in blood component preparation by different methods

• Know various factors affecting the quality of blood components

• Understand the significance of storage of blood components at appropriate temperature and demonstrate proficiency in compatibility, labeling requirements of various components.

ii. Level II

• Outline the necessary steps in donor notification and counseling associated with positive infectious disease testing results, and the donor look-back process.

• Understand various modifications of blood components such as irradiation, cell washing, volume depletion and leuko depletion.

• Demonstrate proficiency in selection of apheresis machine, blood donor and beable to obtain apheresis product meeting quality standards.

• Demonstrate proficiency in maintaining quality of blood components as per recommended standards by various agencies (AABB, EC, DCI).

• Understand process of plasma fractionation and summarize critical steps in preparation such as pooling, viral inactivation.

4. Therapeutic Apheresis

i. Level I

• Summarize the principles of apheresis technology, including centrifugation, filtration, and immunoadsorption.

• Demonstrate knowledge of the indications for therapeutic apheresis and of the appropriate replacement fluids to be used in various situations.

• Demonstrate proficiency in evaluating and preparing patients for therapeutic apheresis, including discussion with the patient of the risks and benefits associated with apheresis procedures.

• Communicate effectively with clinicians regarding emergent or scheduled therapeutic apheresis procedures through conversations and writing of consult notes.

ii. Level II

• Demonstrate proficiency in evaluating and treating adverse reactions associated with therapeutic apheresis.

• Demonstrate proficiency in the treatment of patients using specialized methods (e.g., photopheresis and immunoadsorption columns).

5. Transfusion transmitted infection serology

i. Level I

• Understand the typical time course of appearance and disappearance of serum antigens and antibodies used in screening of major transfusiuon transmitted infection, including: HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, cytomegalovirus, bacterial / fungal / protozoal infections and syphilis,

• Understand and be able to interpret nontreponemal and treponemal antibody tests used to diagnose syphilis.

• Compare & contrast various methodologies such as ELISA, rapid & chemiluminescence used in screening of transfusion transmitted infections

• Demonstrate proficiency in proper disposal of bio hazardous material as per recommended standards.

ii. Level II

• Understand the feasibility of NAT in Indian blood transfusion services

• Demonstrate proficiency in the preparation and use of internal control in transfusion transmitted infection screening.

6. Clinical Transfusion Service

i. Level I

• Demonstrate knowledge of the principles of patient/ unit identification and pretransfusion testing, including ABO/Rh testing, RBC antibody screen, and antibody identification.

• Compare and contrast conventional cross matching versus type and screen using various advanced technologies such as gel, solid phase, and column agglutination.

• Recognize the symptoms and signs of hemolytic and nonhemolytic transfusion reactions and demonstrate knowledge of the pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention of these complications.

• Identify the major noninfectious complications of blood transfusions, including red cell alloimmunization, transfusion-related acute lung injury, transfusion associated graft versus host disease, volume overload, post transfusion purpura, iron overload etc and the risk of these complications, and strategies to prevent them.

• Choose appropriate blood components and derivatives based on a thorough knowledge of the indications for transfusion.

• Demonstrate knowledge of the pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of hemolytic disease of the newborn. Recognize those antibodies in pregnant patients that are clinically significant and make appropriate recommendations for blood products.

• Demonstrate proficiency in preparation and transfusion of blood for intra uterine transfusion / exchange transfusion.

• Demonstrate knowledge of the pathophysiology and treatment of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia.

• Demonstrate proficiency in the evaluation and appropriate transfusion therapy of thrombocytopenic patients (both adult and pediatric).

• Apply the principles of a massive transfusion protocol.

• Demonstrate a working knowledge of the principles of hemostasis and coagulation and proficiency in the initial treatment of patients with bleeding disorders.

• Demonstrate knowledge of the transfusion requirements of special patient populations (e.g., hematology/ oncology, pediatrics, thalassemia, transplantation, cardiac surgery and burn/trauma).

ii. Level II

• Identify clinically significant RBC antibodies from an antibody panel including multiple alloantibodies and mixtures of alloantibodies and autoantibodies; determine how difficult it will be to obtain blood for this patient, and effectively communicate these results to clinicians.

• Demonstrate proficiency in evaluating and recommending treatment plans for complex transfusion reactions.

• Demonstrate familiarity with the appropriate use of highly specialized blood products (e.g., granulocytes, donor lymphocyte infusions, HLA-matched platelets, and coagulation factor concentrates).

• Demonstrate familiarity with the requirements of all applicable regulatory and accrediting agencies [e.g., DCI, NABH].

• Demonstrate competence in the management of blood inventory and the ability to communicate effectively the hospital's needs to the blood supplier.

• Demonstrate knowledge of various methods of blood conservation, including pre- and perioperative autologous blood collection, and approaches to "bloodless" surgery.

• Demonstrate proficiency in evaluating patient's refractory to platelet transfusions. Outline the principles of histocompatibility testing and platelet cross-matching and apply this knowledge in selecting appropriate platelet products when indicated.

• Demonstrate proficiency in the evaluation of patients with immune-mediated and non- immune-mediated hemolytic anemia and in the appropriate transfusion management of these patients.

• Demonstrate knowledge of the principles of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, including collection, processing, and storage of these stem cell products, and the indications for use (e.g., bone marrow, peripheral blood, and cord blood).

• Develop an understanding of emerging areas of cellular therapy, including hematopoietic graft engineering and cellular immunotherapeutics.

• Develop and understanding of blood substitutes and hematopoietic agents.

7. Regulatory Skills /Quality Assurance/ Quality Control in blood transfusion

i. Level I

• Demonstrate knowledge concerning the requirements of all applicable regulatory and accrediting agencies. [e.g., DCI, NABH, AABB].

• Become familiar with the patient / blood donor privacy and data security requirements, including the use of institutional review board (IRB) protocols for conducting clinical research.

• Understand training, certification, licensing, and competency assessment standards for transfusion laboratory professionals, including medical laboratory technicians.

• Understand the importance of a comprehensive transfusion laboratory safety policy and program.

• Understand how SOPs are used, developed, authored, and reviewed and their importance in mandatory laboratory inspection by various accrediting agencies.

• Understand the role of quality assurance, quality management, and process improvement principles in laboratory operation and planning.

• Be able to understand proper use of instrumentation and computerization in a transfusion laboratory.

ii. Level II

• Understand the role of risk management in the transfusion laboratory and become familiar with the nature of, patient safety initiatives, and forensic testing such as paternity testing.

• Compare and contrast the various means of performing blood utilization reviews.

• Explain the logistics required in determining appropriate blood inventory for a geographic region and the process of meeting daily, weekly and monthly collection goals.

• Demonstrate understanding of the elements of current good manufacturing practices as they apply to the collection, processing, and storage of all blood components / products

• Understand the principles & objectives of total quality management in transfusion service including premises, personnel, instruments / reagents, biosafety and external / internal quality control.

• Know fundamental concepts of medical statistics.

• Understand principles of specimen collection (e.g., phlebotomy technique, safety, and specimen tubes) and specimen processing.

• Recognize sources of preanalytical variation and the role of biological variability in laboratory assessment.

8. Additional Competencies Specific To Transfusion Medicine

Patient Care

• • Correctly classify transfusion reactions and give appropriate treatment recommendations.

• Choose appropriate cross-matching methods for various patients (e.g., electronic, immediate spin, and antiglobulin).

• Recognize and appropriately refer serological evaluations that are beyond the scope of a hospital-based transfusion service/blood bank.

• Correctly choose (or recommend) the appropriate blood product for patients with special needs.

• Triage and screen requests for blood components appropriately during inventory shortages.

• Demonstrate the ability to perform blood utilization reviews.

• Perform a donor interview and exam.

• Evaluate and perform initial management of whole blood and apheresis donor reactions.

• Write physician orders for peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell collections and therapeutic apheresis procedures.

• Appropriately manage reactions that occur during peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell collections or therapeutic apheresis procedures.

• Be able to apply recent developments in the field from research to clinical practice such as gene therapy, proteomics, microarray etc.

Medical Knowledge

• Demonstrate understanding of and ability to interpret major regulations and guidelines that are applicable to collection, processing, storage, and release of blood and other cellular therapeutic products.

• Practice-Based Learning and Improvement

• Demonstrate the ability to develop new policies and procedures or change existing policies and procedures based on a review of the literature or issuance of new guidelines by regulatory agencies.

Interpersonal and Communication Skills

• Demonstrate the ability to discuss the process of therapeutic apheresis with patients, and/or family members where appropriate; answer their questions, and obtain informed consent.

Note:

Skill I = corresponds roughly to the types of activities and responsibilities that a first- and/or second-year DNB student would be engaged in, that is, the level of achievement to be attained during the student's first exposure to the discipline as a postgraduate

Skill II = corresponds to the achievements expected of a third year DNB student that is, the higher level of responsibility and expertise that one would acquire and consolidate during repeat exposure to the discipline.

Theoretical training

Didactic lectures

Typical examples of transfusion medicine didactic lectures

Career Options

After completing a DNB in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion, candidates will get employment opportunities in Government as well as in the Private sector.

In the Government sector, candidates have various options to choose from, including Registrar, Senior Resident, Demonstrator, Tutor, etc.

While in the Private sector the options include Resident Doctor, Consultant, Visiting Consultant (Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion), Junior Consultant, Senior Consultant (Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion), Consultant Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion Specialist, etc.

Courses After DNB in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion Course

DNB in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion is a specialization course that can be pursued after finishing MBBS. After pursuing a specialization in DNB (Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion), a candidate could also pursue super specialization courses recognized by NMC, where DNB (Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion) is a feeder qualification.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) – DNB in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion Course

Question: What is a DNB in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion?

Answer: DNB Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion or Diplomate of National Board in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion also known as DNB in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion is a Postgraduate level course for doctors in India that is done by them after completion of their MBBS.

Question: Is DNB in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion equivalent to MD in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion?

Answer: DNB in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion is equivalent to MD in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion, the list of recognized qualifications awarded by NBE in various broad and super specialties as approved by the Government of India are included in the first schedule of the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956.

Question: What is the duration of a DNB in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion?

Answer: DNB in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion is a postgraduate programme of three years.

Question: What is the eligibility of a DNB in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion?

Answer: Candidates must be in possession of an undergraduate MBBS degree from any college/university recognized by the Medical Council of India (now NMC).

Question: What is the scope of a DNB in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion?

Answer: DNB in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion offers candidates various employment opportunities and career prospects.

Question: What is the average salary for a DNB in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion postgraduate candidate?

Answer: The DNB in Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion candidate's average salary is between Rs. 9,00,000 to Rs. 27,00,000 per year depending on the experience.

Question: Are DNB Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion and MD Immunohaematology And Blood Transfusion equivalent for pursuing teaching jobs?

Answer: The Diplomate of National Board in broad-specialty qualifications and super specialty qualifications when granted in a medical institution with attached hospital or in a hospital with the strength of five hundred or more beds, by the National Board of Examinations, shall be equivalent in all respects to the corresponding postgraduate qualification and the super-specialty qualification granted under the Act, but in all other cases, senior residency in a medical college for an additional period of one year shall be required for such qualification to be equivalent for the purposes of teaching also.

Question: What tests are done in immunohematology?

Answer: Immunohaematology studies the reactions that take place between antigens present on blood cells and antibodies present in plasma. Patients undergoing transfusion therapy are tested for their ABO and RhD blood groups and the presence of any antibodies that may cause a reaction between their plasma and donor red cells.