Smokeless Tobacco Use Linked to Anemia, Hypertension, and CKD

New research has shed light on the potential health risks associated with the use of smokeless tobacco, particularly in regions where it remains prevalent. A study in Bangladesh has revealed a significant association between smokeless tobacco use and an increased risk of anemia, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. This study highlights the need for public health initiatives to address the risks of smokeless tobacco, especially in developing nations.

This study was published in Tobacco Induced Diseases by Sarker MHR and colleagues. Tobacco use has been a major target of public health efforts, resulting in significant reductions in smoking rates. However, the perception that smokeless tobacco is less harmful has contributed to its continued use in some parts of the world. Recent reports indicate a rising use of smokeless tobacco products, which are the primary form of tobacco use in certain regions. A lack of understanding about the health effects of these products hampers cessation efforts.

The study, conducted in Bangladesh, where the use of smokeless tobacco is relatively common, examined the health effects of this habit. Researchers selected 872 adult participants, including 252 smokeless tobacco users and 620 non-users. Participants underwent various assessments, including physical examinations, measurements, and blood and urine tests.

The findings of the study revealed several significant associations between smokeless tobacco use and various risk factors. Users were more likely to be older, female, widowed, have limited formal education, and sleep for shorter durations. These factors increased the risk of smokeless tobacco use.

The analysis unveiled several statistically significant associations between smokeless tobacco use and other demographic and health-related factors:

• Age: Smokeless tobacco users aged 46 years or older had significantly higher odds (OR 7.10; 95% CI 4.79-10.94) of using these products compared to younger individuals.
• Gender: Female participants were also more likely to use smokeless tobacco (OR 1.64; 95% CI 1.21-2.22).
• Marital Status: Widowed individuals had an increased likelihood of smokeless tobacco use (OR 3.40; 95% CI 2.24-5.17).
• Education: Those with no formal schooling were at a significantly higher risk of using smokeless tobacco (OR 4.91; 95% CI 3.59-6.72).
• Sleep Duration: Participants who slept for less than 7 hours per day were more likely to use smokeless tobacco (OR 2.33; 95% CI 1.70-3.19).

In addition to these demographic factors, smokeless tobacco users were found to have a significantly higher risk of various health issues, including:

• Undernutrition: Smokeless tobacco users had a 63% higher risk of undernutrition (OR 1.63; 95% CI 1.15-2.33).
• Hypertension: Users had a 52% higher risk of developing hypertension (OR 1.52; 95% CI 1.13-2.05).
• Anemia: Smokeless tobacco use was associated with a 94% increased risk of anemia (OR 1.94; 95% CI 1.39-2.71).
• Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Users had a 62% higher risk of CKD (OR 1.62; 95% CI 1.15-2.27).

Importantly, smokeless tobacco users were at a significantly greater risk of health issues, including undernutrition, hypertension, anemia, and chronic kidney disease. While the link between kidney disorders and smokeless tobacco has not been comprehensively explored, the study's results highlight the need for further research in this area.

This research underscores the importance of raising awareness about the potential health risks associated with smokeless tobacco use, particularly in regions where it is prevalent. Public health campaigns and education are vital in addressing this issue and improving the well-being of individuals at risk.

Reference:

Sarker MHR, Moriyama M, Sujon H, et al. Smokeless tobacco consumption and its association with risk factors of chronic kidney disease in rural and peri-urban Bangladesh. Tob Induc Dis. 2023;21:138. Published 2023 Oct 20. doi:10.18332/tid/171358