Overweight females have low risk of dementia whereas low weight males at high risk of dementia

German researchers have found in a new study that overweight was negatively associated with dementia in women, whereas there was a positive underweight-dementia relationship in men.

A substantial body of literature has analyzed the potential association between late-life body mass index (BMI) and dementia. Given that there are some data suggesting that estrogen has neuroprotective effects, it is possible that the BMI-dementia relationship differs between women and men. However, to date, no research has yet investigated this hypothesis.

The goal of the present study, which will be published in the next issue of Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, was to to analyze associations between BMI and dementia in older women and men separately in general practices in Germany.

"The prevalence of dementia is likely to increase in the following decades because of aging of the population; and there is no cure for dementia yet," explains Prof. Dr. Karel Kostev, PhD, from the Department of Epidemiology of the IQVIA. "In view of this, IQVIA has been conduction different studies investigating risk factors for dementia in order in order to prevent the occurrence of dementia, particularly in elderly patients."

This retrospective cohort study used data from the Disease Analyzer database (IQVIA), what contains demographic, diagnosis and prescription data from patients followed in general and specialized practices in Germany. Patients followed in one of 832 general practices in Germany between January 2006 and December 2019 were included.

Index date corresponded to the first visit date between 2006 and 2019. Inclusion criteria were the following: available data on BMI for the period between one year prior to the index date and one year prior to the diagnosis of dementia or last follow-up; age ≥65 years at the index date; and no diagnosis of dementia prior to or at the index date.

Dementia (dependent variable) included Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and undefined dementia. Using the definition of the World Health Organization, and using the mean BMI value between one year prior to the index date and one year prior to the diagnosis of dementia or last follow-up, BMI was included in this study as a four-category variable: underweight (i.e., BMI <18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (i.e., BMI 18.5-<25 kg/m2), overweight (i.e., BMI 25-<30 kg/m2), and obesity (i.e., BMI ≥30 kg/m2).

Control variables included age, sex and comorbidities documented in the five years prior to the diagnosis of dementia or the end of follow-up. Associations between BMI and dementia in all patients and by sex were analyzed with Cox regression models adjusted for age and comorbidities.

This study included 296,767 patients (mean [standard deviation] age 70.2 [5.9] years; 54.3% women). The proportion of underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity was 0.9%, 25.5%, 41.5%, and 32.1%, respectively. The 10-year incidence of dementia significantly decreased from 11.6% in people with underweight to 8.7% in those with obesity (log-rank p-value<0.001).

In women, only overweight was significantly and negatively associated with dementia (HR=0.93, 95%CI=0.88-0.97). In contrast, in men, the only BMI category significantly and positively associated with the incidence of dementia was underweight (HR=1.58, 95% CI=1.11-2.25). In terms of the specific types of dementia, obesity was significantly and negatively associated with Alzheimer's disease (HR=0.81, 95% CI=0.70-0.93) and overweight negatively with undefined dementia in female patients (HR=0.90, 95% CI=0.85-0.96). In male patients, there was also a negative and significant association between obesity and Alzheimer's disease (HR=0.82, 95% CI=0.69-0.98), while underweight was positively associated with undefined dementia (HR=1.95, 95% CI=1.30-2.93).

"It appears that there is a strong and positive relationship between underweight and dementia in older men. In this context, cognitive impairments should be regularly assessed in older male patients with BMI<18.5 kg/m2," noted first auhhor Dr. Louis Jacob, MD, PhD, from Research and Development Unit of the Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu "Furthermore, interventions aiming at weight gain should be implemented in this population, and these interventions may include nutritional supplements, high-energy snacks and community support services. On the other hand, overweight may protect against dementia in older women, suggesting that a moderate weight excess in late life may be acceptable from a cognitive perspective"

The authors of the study also note that: "more studies are needed to corroborate or invalidate these findings in other countries and settings. Moreover, further data are warranted to understand better the underlying reasons for these sex differences in associations between BMI in late life and dementia, and to characterize better the exact role played by female hormones."

The two major strengths of this study are the large sample size and the use of longitudinal data obtained in general practices. However, the results of the study should be interpreted in the light of several limitations. First, data on BMI were unavailable for the majority of patients followed in general practices, and this may have biased the study findings.

Second, BMI may not be a reliable measure of underweight, overweight and obesity, and the use of other parameters such as waist circumference may have allowed more accurate analyses. Third, there was no information in the database on physical activity and diet, although these two factors are associated with both BMI and dementia. Finally, participants with underweight were significantly older than those in other BMI categories and, although age was included in the Cox regression analyses, this difference may have impacted the results of these analyses.

Reference:

Jacob, Louisa; Smith, Leec Koyanagi, Aia;  Konrad, Marcele Haro, Josep Mariaa Shin, Jae Kostev, Karelg; Journal: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 401-407, 2018 DOI: 10.3233/JAD-180569