Numerous studies have established that thrombosis is a common complication for cancer patients, contributing to the second-leading cause of mortality in cancer patients. Thrombotic complications in cancer can vary from arterial or venous thromboembolism to disseminated intravascular coagulation. Despite the well-known association between cancer and thromboembolic disease, the mechanisms that promote thromboembolic events in cancer patients are not clear and appear to be multifaceted. Cancer patients are generally in a hypercoagulable or prothrombotic state, as they usually present with abnormalities in each component of Virchow's triad, thus contributing to thrombosis. The three components are a stasis of blood flow, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability, the latter including abnormalities in the coagulation and fibrinolytic pathway and platelet activation.
Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation is a technique used in assisted reproduction involving the use of fertility medications to induce ovulation by multiple ovarian follicles. These multiple follicles can be taken out by oocyte retrieval (egg collection) for use in in vitro fertilisation(IVF), or be given time to ovulate, resulting in superovulation which is the ovulation of a larger-than-normal number of eggs, generally in the sense of at least two. When ovulated follicles are fertilised in vivo, whether by natural or artificial insemination, there is a very high risk of a multiple pregnancy.
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