Increased Residential Greenness improves Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency in Areas with air pollution: Study
A recent study published in Environmental Pollution investigated the relationship between residential greenness and maternal vitamin D deficiency (VDD) during pregnancy. The findings indicate that higher levels of surrounding greenness are associated with a reduced risk of Vitamin D Deficiency in expectant mothers.
This inverse relationship is particularly significant in areas with elevated concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅). The study also suggests that the beneficial impact of greenness on vitamin D status may be partially mediated by a reduction in PM₂.₅ exposure.
Adequate vitamin D is essential for the health of both the mother and foetus, and it can be influenced by environmental factors. However, research on the associations between greenness exposure and vitamin D concentrations during pregnancy is limited.
This retrospective birth cohort study, conducted from 2014 to 2018, assessed the greenness of residences using the satellite-derived normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations were categorised as non-deficient (≥50 nmol/L) or deficient (<50 nmol/L). Multiple log-binomial regression models were used to estimate the association of NDVI with serum 25(OH)D concentrations and vitamin D deficiency (VDD). Subgroup and mediation analyses were conducted to estimate the association of ambient particulate matter (PM) on the association between NDVI and VDD. A total of 64,663 pregnant women with a mean maternal age of 30.6 (standard deviation: 3.86) years were included. 250-m NDVI was negatively associated with the risk of VDD (per 0.1-unit increase, relative risk [RR]: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.97–0.99). With the highest quartile of NDVI exposure as the reference group, the upper-middle quartile (RR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00–1.03), and lowest quartile (RR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01–1.06) had an increased risk of VDD.
At higher PM2.5 exposure concentrations, 250-m NDVI exposure was negatively associated with the risk of VDD (RR: 0.98, 95%CI: 0.97–0.99, per 0.1-unit increase), but not at lower PM2.5 exposure concentrations. Among pregnant women with higher PM2.5, the mediation of PM2.5 exposure on the association between 250-m NDVI and VDD was 44.70% (P = 0.0116). Among pregnant women with higher PM10 exposure, the mediation of PM10 exposure on the association between 250-m NDVI and VDD was 17.98% (P = 0.002).
These findings suggest that higher residential greenery significantly reduces the risk of VDD in pregnant women, particularly in those exposed to increased PM concentrations.
Reference:
Dongjian Yang, Yanling Shen, Qun Wang, Xin Sun, Mengxiang Li, Jinjing Shi, Lei Chen, Jun Zhang, Xinhua Ji. Association of greenness exposure with serum vitamin D status and effects of ambient particulate matter among pregnant women in early pregnancy, Environmental Pollution, 2025, 126067, ISSN 0269-7491, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126067.
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