Three out of ten breast cancers are detected between screenings, suggests JAMA study

The researchers identified several factors that increase the risk of developing interval cancer. These factors include high breast density, hormone therapy, higher education level and older age at first childbirth.

“Women with high breast density and use of hormone therapy are at increased risk of being missed at screening due to false negative results,” says Yuqi Zhang.

In addition, the study showed that women with a family history of breast cancer, especially interval cancer, are at a higher risk of developing interval cancer themselves. Women with a family history of breast cancer were 1.9 times more likely to develop interval cancer, and this risk increased to 2.9 times if they had a family history of interval cancer specifically.

“This is often due to the rapid growth of tumours between screening rounds rather than missed detections. The study therefore emphasises the need for more frequent or improved screening methods specifically designed for women with these particular risk factors,” says Yuqi Zhang.

“Adapting screening protocols to reflect individual risk profiles - whether through more frequent mammography, supplemental imaging like contrast-enhanced mammography, or incorporating genetic testing - could significantly improve early detection rates,” says Professor Kamila Czene at the same department. “By identifying cancers earlier, we can offer more effective and less invasive treatments, improve long-term survival outcomes, and reduce the emotional and physical toll on patients.”

Reference:

Zhang Y, Rodriguez J, Mao X, et al. Incidence and Risk Factors of Interval and Screen-Detected Breast Cancer. JAMA Oncol. Published online March 27, 2025. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.0167