Glaucoma linked to increased risk of dementia

Glaucoma is a condition in which the optic nerve becomes damaged and this can eventually lead to blindness.

In most types of glaucoma, nerve damage is caused by a build-up of pressure in the eye, but with normal-tension glaucoma, the optic nerve becomes damaged even though eye pressure stays within normal levels.

The disease pathway for normal-tension glaucoma is not fully understood, but the study authors say their findings suggest that it may share similar neurodegenerative pathways with dementia.

Lead author Dr Sean Mullany from Flinders University in Australia says two previous studies which showed a link between primary open angle glaucoma and dementia included lots of people of Asian ethnicity and this led the authors to wonder whether it may be specifically normal-tension glaucoma that is linked to cognitive impairment and dementia.

"Cognitive impairment was found to be more than twice as prevalent in patients with normal-tension glaucoma than it was in those with high-tension glaucoma."

"Our finding of an association between this type of glaucoma and cognitive impairment supports a growing body of evidence suggesting an association between glaucoma and dementia."

The researchers used the Australian and New Zealand Registry of Advanced Glaucoma to randomly select 248 patients aged at least 65 years who had normal-tension glaucoma, and these were matched by age and sex with 349 patients with high-tension glaucoma.

All the patients were invited to participate in a health questionnaire and cognitive assessment over the telephone.

A total of 290 patients - 144 with normal-tension glaucoma and 146 with high-tension glaucoma - had the cognitive screen. There were no differences in demographics or eye parameters between the two groups.

After accounting for dementia risk factors including high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, and stroke, participants with normal-tension glaucoma were more than twice as likely to have cognitive impairment.

This study is observational in nature, so cannot establish cause. Likewise, the authors cannot account for unobserved data from participants cognitive screening.

This study along with other published data, however, supports the assertion that normal-tension glaucoma may be associated with dementia.

"This association between normal tension glaucoma and dementia has the potential to change our understanding about the glaucoma and provides insight into future treatment directions but further research is required to expand on this NTG-dementia relationship more definitively."