Extremely preterm infants show persistent airway obstruction during adulthood

Lifelong pulmonary consequences of being born extremely preterm or with extremely low birth weight remain unknown. They aimed to describe lung function trajectories from 10 to 35 years of age for individuals born extremely preterm and address potential cohort effects over a period that encompassed major changes in perinatal care. They performed repeated spirometry in three population-based cohorts born at gestational age ≤28 weeks or with birth weight ≤1000 g during 1982–85, 1991–92 and 1999–2000, referred to as extremely preterm-born, and in term-born controls matched for age and gender. Examinations were performed at 10, 18, 25 and 35 years. Longitudinal data were analysed using mixed models regression, with the extremely preterm-born stratified by bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).

Results:

They recruited 148/174 (85%) eligible extremely preterm-born and 138 term-born. Compared with term-born, the extremely preterm-born had lower z-scores for forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) at most assessments, the main exceptions were in the groups without BPD in the two youngest cohorts. FEV1 trajectories were largely parallel for the extremely preterm- and term-born, also during the period 25–35 years that includes the onset of the age-related decline in lung function. Extremely preterm-born had lower peak lung function than term-born, but z-FEV1 values improved for each consecutive decade of birth (p=0.009). More extremely preterm—than term-born fulfilled the spirometry criteria for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 44/148 (30%) vs 7/138 (5%), p<0.001.

Thus, after extremely preterm birth, lung function was tracked in parallel but significantly below the trajectories of term-born from 10 to 35 years, including the incipient age-related decline from 25 to 35 years. The deficits versus term-born decreased with each decade of birth from 1980 to 2000.

Reference:

Tracking of lung function from 10 to 35 years after being born extremely preterm or with extremely low birth weight by Tonje Bårdsen et al. published in the Thorax

https://thorax.bmj.com/content/early/2022/04/10/thoraxjnl-2021-218400