Chocolate and Butter Intake Linked to Higher Depression and Anxiety Risk

Recent research sheds light on the intricate link between dietary habits and mental health, revealing that certain foods and nutrients may have a significant impact on symptoms of depression and anxiety. The study published inBMC Medicine conducted by Han Chen and colleagues from Hangzhou Normal University School of Public Health in China, highlights how adopting a balanced dietary pattern could potentially alleviate the burden of mental health conditions.

The researchers embarked on a prospective cohort study that analyzed the dietary patterns of 126,819 participants enrolled in the U.K. Biobank between 2006 and 2010. Over an average follow-up period of 7.5 years, the study identified 2,746 cases of depression symptoms and 2,202 cases of anxiety symptoms among the participants.

Three distinct dietary patterns were identified, accounting for 74% of the variation in nutrients potentially associated with depression and anxiety symptoms:

• DP1: High Caloric Diet: This pattern was characterized by high consumption of chocolate, confectionery, butter, and low intake of fruits and vegetables. Comparing participants in the lowest quintile of DP1, the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for depressive symptoms in Q2 to Q5 were 0.82 (0.72–0.93), 0.86 (0.76–0.98), 1.02 (0.90–1.15), and 1.17 (1.03–1.32), respectively. Similar associations were observed for anxiety symptoms.
• DP2: High-Sugar, Low-Fat Diet: This pattern featured high consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and added sugars, with low intakes of butter and cheese. However, DP2 did not show significant links with either depressive or anxiety symptoms.
• DP3: High-Sugar, High-Fat, High-Fiber Diet: This pattern included high intakes of butter and milk-based desserts, coupled with low intakes of alcohol and low-fiber bread. When compared to the lowest quintile of DP3, the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for depressive symptoms in Q2 to Q5 were 0.90 (0.79–1.01), 1.00 (0.88–1.13), 1.06 (0.94–1.20), and 1.17 (1.03–1.32), respectively. Similar associations were observed for anxiety symptoms.
• DP3 demonstrated stronger associations with anxiety symptoms among participants aged 60 years and older, while DP1 accounted for a substantial portion of the variation in nutrients (44%).

The study's findings unveiled significant associations between these dietary patterns and symptoms of depression and anxiety. While DP1 showed a consistent trend of increased risk, DP3 emerged as more strongly linked to anxiety symptoms in participants aged 60 years and older.

The results indicated that higher consumption of free sugars and saturated fatty acids was tied to a heightened risk of symptoms related to depression and anxiety. Foods like chocolate, butter, sugar-sweetened beverages, and high-fat cheese, when consumed excessively, could potentially trigger systemic inflammation, increase oxidative stress, and impact gut microbiota, thereby contributing to the risk of mental health symptoms.

Chen and colleagues emphasized that while individual nutrients and foods play a role, the overall dietary pattern holds greater significance in influencing mental health outcomes. The study's implications suggest that moderation in the consumption of certain foods and beverages could contribute to reducing the prevalence of mental health disorders on a population level.

Reference:

Chen, H., Cao, Z., Hou, Y., Yang, H., Wang, X., & Xu, C. (2023). The associations of dietary patterns with depressive and anxiety symptoms: a prospective study. BMC Medicine, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-023-03019-x