Long COVID is associated with anxiety, depression, and cognitive dysfunction

Canada: Long COVID is associated with both psychiatric symptoms and cognitive dysfunction, a recent study published in the journal Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health has revealed. 

Cognitive effects were evident in self-reported symptoms, reduced brain oxygen levels, and task performance differences. Psychiatric symptoms included anxiety and depression. 

Researchers from the University of Waterloo combined the results of two new parallel studies: a laboratory study involving cognitive testing and imaging of oxygen levels in the brain, and a national population survey of Canadians in 2021 and 2022.

The laboratory study found that individuals who had experienced symptomatic COVID-19 illness performed worse on two computer tasks. One is measuring inhibition and another impulsive decision-making. Compared to those who had not been infected, people who had been infected showed a lack of increase in oxygen saturation in an area of the brain that is normally engaged during one of the tasks.

“We are the first to show reduced oxygen uptake in the brain during a cognitive task in the months following a symptomatic COVID-19 infection,” said Dr. Peter Hall, lead author and researcher in the School of Public Health Sciences at Waterloo. “This is important because a lack of sufficient oxygen supply is thought to be one of the mechanisms by which COVID-19 may cause cognitive impairment.”

The second study in this paper, a population survey of more than 2,000 Canadians aged 18 to 56, examined the relationships among COVID, cognitive function and psychiatric symptoms. Respondents who had COVID reported difficulty concentrating and problems with inhibition, as well as increased symptoms of anxiety and depression. These effects appeared to be marginally stronger among unvaccinated individuals and were still detectable after controlling for how long ago respondents were infected.

Previous studies have shown a link between COVID and test performance, self-reported cognitive symptoms and differences in brain structure measured by MRI, but not oxygenation changes in the brain.

Older women were more affected than others in the case of the brain imaging outcomes. “We don’t know for sure why this was the case, but there have been other studies showing that some post-COVID-19 syndrome symptoms especially impact older women,” Hall said.

In the case of the population study, “It appears that, regardless of gender and other demographic factors, COVID-19 infection at baseline is correlated with increased problems with emotion regulation six months later: depression, anxiety and agitation. In some cases, we are talking about symptom levels that are at or above recommended as cut-off scores for psychiatric diagnoses,” Hall said.

The studies were conducted during earlier waves of the pandemic. The researchers did not examine whether Omicron and later variants have the same effects on the brain as earlier variants.

“Our two studies, using very different methods, highlight the need to understand the full range of harms of COVID-19 illness,” Hall said. “We still need to know more about how factors like vaccination affect the course of long COVID. We also need to know about how some physical conditions like diabetes, obesity and hypertension might impact these mechanisms and outcomes.” 

Reference:

Peter A. Hall, Hasan Ayaz, Gang Meng, Anna Hudson, Mohammad N. Sakib, Anne C.K. Quah, Thomas K. Agar, Jessica A. Lee, Christian Boudreau, Geoffrey T. Fong, Neurocognitive and psychiatric symptoms following infection with COVID-19: Evidence from laboratory and population studies, Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100595.