JAMA study compares two surgeries head-to-head for common neck condition

In a new study published in JAMA, researchers led by neurosurgeons at Lahey Hospital & Medical Center (LHMC) conducted a randomized clinical trial to compare a ventral surgical approach, in which surgeons access the cervical spine via the front of the neck, to a dorsal surgical approach, in which surgeons access the cervical spine through an incision in the back of the neck, for the treatment of CSM. The first-of-its kind trial followed 163 patients with CSM treated at 15 medical centers in North America for two years after undergoing one of the procedures. The team found no significant differences between the ventral and dorsal approaches in patients' long-term physical improvements.

"Likely the result of our aging population, surgery for treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy is on the rise, yet the optimal surgical approach remains unknown and complications are common," said first and corresponding author Zoher Ghogawala, MD, Chair of the Department of Neurosurgery at LHMC and Professor of Neurosurgery at Tufts University School of Medicine. "As confirmed by this trial, surgery is an effective treatment for myelopathy and both ventral and dorsal surgeries were associated with clinically meaningful improvements in patient-reported physical functioning."

Ghogawala and 23 colleagues at 15 sites in the United States and Canada randomized 163 patients ages 45 to 80 to either ventral or dorsal surgery for the treatment of severe CSM. Ultimately, 66 patients underwent ventral surgery, which is often most appropriate for patients with arthritis in the neck and/or a bent forward posture. The remaining 97 underwent one of two dorsal procedures. To assess how the surgeries affected patients' physical function and quality of life, patients filled out a validated and standardized survey of functional and quality of life outcomes prior to surgery and at three, six, 12 and 24 months after surgery.

The researchers determined that patients' survey scores did not differ significantly between the ventral and dorsal groups. Ventral surgery was associated with more complications when compared with dorsal surgery.

Within the dorsal group, the researchers compared outcomes for dorsal fusion surgery — a procedure in which bone and disk tissue is removed to relieve the pressure on the cervical spine — and dorsal laminoplasty, a procedure in which no bone or tissue is removed but rather the spinal canal is expanded — more commonly performed in Asia and Europe. In this study, in a non-randomized comparison, the scientists found significant association between the type of surgery and patient outcomes. Specifically, dorsal laminoplasty was associated with significantly greater improvement in patients' self-reported outcomes compared with dorsal fusion. Dorsal laminoplasty was also associated with the lowest risk of complications compared to both dorsal and ventral fusion procedures. Dorsal laminoplasty was also associated with significantly less outpatient health resource utilization and less opioid usage.

"In this trial, laminoplasty was associated with improved outcomes and less outpatient medical service utilization post-operatively than ventral fusion or dorsal fusion surgery," said Ghogawala. "In the United States, charges and Medicare payments for laminoplasty procedures are lower than for fusion procedures. Our study underscores the importance of more extensive and formal economic analysis to examine the societal cost effectiveness of these three alternative surgical approaches."