BCG Revaccination Fails to Prevent Sustained Tuberculosis Infection in Adolescents: Phase 2b Trial Finds

This latest investigation was prompted by earlier findings suggesting that while BCG revaccination may not prevent primary TB infection, it could reduce the risk of persistent infections. To further explore this potential benefit, researchers carried out a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial involving 1,836 adolescents between the ages of 10 and 18 years in South Africa. Participants were HIV-negative and tested negative on the QuantiFERON-TB Gold (QFT) test at the start of the study.

Participants were randomly assigned to receive either the BCG vaccine or a placebo and were monitored over a median follow-up period of 30 months. The primary objective was to assess the rate of sustained QFT test conversion, defined as an initial positive QFT result confirmed by two additional positive results at three and six months.

Based on the study, the researchers reported the following findings:

• There was a sustained QFT conversion in 62 participants in the BCG revaccination group and 59 participants in the placebo group.
• The hazard ratio for sustained infection between the two groups was 1.04, with a vaccine efficacy estimate of –3.8%, indicating no protective benefit from BCG revaccination.
• Adverse events occurred more frequently in the BCG group, mostly due to localized injection-site reactions such as pain, redness, swelling, and mild ulceration.
• Serious adverse events were rare, reported in only 0.3% of participants in both groups, and none were linked to the vaccine or placebo.
• No deaths or treatment discontinuations occurred during the study.
• BCG revaccination stimulated an immune response, as shown by an increase in cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells.
• Despite the immune response, BCG revaccination did not lead to a reduced risk of tuberculosis infection.

The authors concluded that while the vaccine was generally well tolerated and immunogenic, it did not provide measurable protection against sustained M. tuberculosis infection. They noted that the absence of efficacy in preventing infection casts doubt on the likelihood of BCG revaccination offering disease protection.

These findings emphasize the continued need for novel TB vaccines that are effective in preventing both infection and disease, particularly in high-risk populations such as adolescents in TB-endemic regions.

Reference:

Schmidt AC, Fairlie L, Hellström E, Luabeya Kany Kany A, Middelkoop K, Naidoo K, Nair G, Gela A, Nemes E, Scriba TJ, Cinar A, Frahm N, Mogg R, Kaufman D, Dunne MW, Hatherill M; BCG REVAX Study Team. BCG Revaccination for the Prevention of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. N Engl J Med. 2025 May 8;392(18):1789-1800. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2412381. PMID: 40334156; PMCID: PMC12061034.