As a paediatrician, we cannot stress enough the importance of vaccinations in the early stages of a child's life. Vaccinations are not just a medical recommendation; they are a crucial part of a child’s health defence mechanism, offering protection against various infectious diseases. Ensuring the health and well-being of our children is every parent's top priority.
One critical aspect of this responsibility is making sure our children receive the necessary vaccinations to protect them from preventable diseases. Vaccination, indeed, is a vital component of a child's healthcare, as it can help prevent serious illnesses and safeguard the health of the child and the community at large.
In this guide, we will explore the importance of paediatric vaccinations and the two prominent immunization schedules followed in India: the National Immunization Schedule (NIS) and the Indian Academy of Paediatrics (IAP) Immunization Schedule.
Understanding the need of Timely Vaccination
The primary goal of vaccination is to precede the age at which a disease typically occurs. By introducing vaccines at an early stage, we equip a child's immune system to build resistance against potential infections. The timing of vaccinations is meticulously planned to ensure maximum efficacy, making it imperative for every child to start receiving vaccinations immediately after birth.
It is important to note that the vaccination schedule may vary based on factors such as disease prevalence, the availability of safe and effective vaccines, and logistical considerations.
Immunization Schedules in India
In India, two predominant immunization schedules are followed: the National Immunization Schedule (NIS) and the Indian Academy of Paediatrics (IAP) Immunization Schedule. The NIS provides the minimum necessary vaccines for all children, while the IAP Schedule includes additional vaccinations for broader protection.
The IAP Schedule, endorsed by the Indian Academy of Paediatrics, lays out a comprehensive vaccination plan for children in India. Here are the key vaccinations recommended at different stages:
At Birth: BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin), OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine), Hepatitis B
6, 10, 14 Weeks: DTWP/DTaP (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis/acellular Pertussis), IPV (Inactivated Polio Vaccine), Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b), Hepatitis B, Rotavirus, PCV (Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine)
6 Months, 7 Months: Influenza
6-9 Months: Typhoid
9 Months: MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella)
12 Months: Hepatitis A
15 Months: MMR-2, Varicella-1, PCV Booster
16-18 Months: DTwP/DTaP-B1, Hib-B1, IPV-B1
18-19 Months: Hepatitis A-2, Varicella-2
4-6 Years: DTwP/DTaP-B2, IPV-B2, MMR-3
10-12 Years: TdaP (Tetanus, Diphtheria, acellular Pertussis), HPV (Human Papillomavirus)
Yearly Influenza Vaccine in Monsoon Season (up to 5 years)
Special Considerations for Immunocompromised Children
Children who are immunocompromised may require additional doses of certain vaccines, such as the influenza vaccine, especially during flu epidemics. In the event of outbreaks of life-threatening infections like Japanese encephalitis, administering the JE vaccine becomes crucial.
Factors Influencing the Vaccine Schedule
The vaccine schedule is tailored based on the disease burden, the availability of safe and effective vaccines, and considerations of cost and logistics. The IAP schedule incorporates vaccines that are essential but not yet included in the NIS, enhancing the spectrum of protection for children.
Safety and Side Effects
Vaccines are authorized for use after extensive research, including animal studies and various stages of human trials, ensuring they are safe for children. While serious side effects are rare, minor reactions such as fever, swelling, or pain at the injection site can occur, which are manageable with symptomatic treatment.
Keeping Track of Vaccinations
To monitor your child's immunization, adhere to the vaccination card provided by the hospital at birth. Many hospitals also offer vaccination reminder apps, facilitating timely adherence to the vaccination schedule.
Vaccinations are a fundamental pillar of paediatric health, offering a shield against various infectious diseases. By following the recommended immunization schedules and consulting with your paediatrician for any concerns, you can ensure your child is protected, paving the way for a healthy future. For any queries or additional information, always consult with your paediatrician to make informed decisions regarding your child's health.
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