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Exposure to Cadmium, Lead, and Tobacco Smoke linked to olfactory impairment: JAMA
According to recent research, it has ben found out that modifiable environmental exposures may contribute to olfactory impairment that occurs with aging, as published in the JAMA Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery.
Olfactory impairment is common in older adults. Identification of modifiable risk factors for olfactory impairment at midlife has the potential to reduce the burden of olfactory impairment at older ages.
Hence, Carla R. Schubert and colleagues from the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison carried out the present study with the objective to determine the 10-year cumulative incidence of olfactory impairment and evaluate potentially modifiable risk factors for impairment including exposure to cadmium, lead, and tobacco smoke.
Data from the Beaver Dam Offspring Study, a longitudinal cohort study of sensory health and aging in a general population, were available from examinations at baseline (2005-2008), 5 years (2010-2013), and 10 (2015-2017) years.
The authors included a total of 2312 participants without olfactory impairment at baseline and with olfaction data available at the 5- and/or 10-year examination. Olfactory impairment was measured by the San Diego Odor Identification Test.
Cox discrete-time proportional hazards analyses were used to model associations between baseline covariates, including blood cadmium and lead levels and tobacco smoke exposure, and the 10-year cumulative incidence of olfactory impairment.
The following findings were highlighted-
- Of the 2312 participants, 1269 (54.9%) were women; mean age was 49 years (range, 22-84 years) at baseline.
- The 10-year cumulative incidence of olfactory impairment was 4.6% (95% CI, 3.7%-5.6%) and increased with age.
- Because of high collinearity, cadmium and tobacco smoke exposure were modeled separately.
- In a multivariable adjusted model, higher blood cadmium level (hazard ratio [HR], 1.70; 95% CI, 1.05-2.74) was associated with the 10-year cumulative incidence of olfactory impairment.
- Substituting tobacco smoke exposure for cadmium in the model, high exposure to tobacco smoke as a current smoker (HR, 2.94; 95% CI, 1.63-5.29, smoker vs no exposure) or from environmental tobacco smoke (HR, 2.65; 95% CI, 1.24-5.63, high vs no exposure) was also associated with an increased risk for developing olfactory impairment.
- Blood lead levels were not associated with olfactory impairment.
Therefore, the authors concluded that "modifiable environmental exposures may contribute to olfactory impairment that occurs with aging. Identification of modifiable risk factors for olfactory impairment may lead to prevention strategies that have the potential to reduce the burden of olfactory impairment at older ages."
BDS, MDS( Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry)
Dr. Nandita Mohan is a practicing pediatric dentist with more than 5 years of clinical work experience. Along with this, she is equally interested in keeping herself up to date about the latest developments in the field of medicine and dentistry which is the driving force for her to be in association with Medical Dialogues. She also has her name attached with many publications; both national and international. She has pursued her BDS from Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore and later went to enter her dream specialty (MDS) in the Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry from Pt. B.D. Sharma University of Health Sciences. Through all the years of experience, her core interest in learning something new has never stopped. She can be contacted at editorial@medicaldialogues.in. Contact no. 011-43720751
Dr Kamal Kant Kohli-MBBS, DTCD- a chest specialist with more than 30 years of practice and a flair for writing clinical articles, Dr Kamal Kant Kohli joined Medical Dialogues as a Chief Editor of Medical News. Besides writing articles, as an editor, he proofreads and verifies all the medical content published on Medical Dialogues including those coming from journals, studies,medical conferences,guidelines etc. Email: drkohli@medicaldialogues.in. Contact no. 011-43720751