Allopathy
Prescription Required
DCGI (Drugs Controller General of India)
Schedule H
"Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" belongs to the pharmacological class of Second-generation cephalosporin antibiotics.
"Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" has been approved to relieve symptoms and also for the treatment and maintenance of Acute Bacterial Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis, Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis, Acute Bacterial Maxillary Sinusitis, Secondary Bacterial Infections of Acute Bronchitis, Uncomplicated Pneumonia, Uncomplicated Skin/Skin Structure Infections, Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections, Gonorrhea, Early Lyme Disease, Severe or Complicated Infections.
"Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that exhibits bactericidal activity against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It is available in various forms, including oral tablets, oral suspension, intravenous infusion, and intramuscular injection. "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil"'s pharmacokinetics is characterized by rapid and complete absorption following oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations achieved within 2-3 hours. The drug is highly protein-bound, primarily to albumin, and has a relatively short half-life of 1-2 hours. "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" is primarily eliminated via renal excretion, with about 80% of an administered dose excreted unchanged in the urine.
Cefuroxime ” is available in both oral and parenteral (injection) formulations. It is often used to treat infections such as pneumonia, sinusitis, urinary tract infections, and skin and soft tissue infections. "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" is given either by injection or intravenous infusion in a hospital setting, or in oral tablet form for outpatient treatment.
“Cefuroxime Axetil axetil is a prodrug of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" and is only available in an oral tablet form. Once ingested, "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" axetil is converted to "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" in the body, which then works to treat bacterial infections. "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" axetil is often prescribed for infections such as pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, and uncomplicated skin and soft tissue infections.
The common side effects of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" are nausea, vomiting, gas, weakness, tiredness, itching, diarrhea, headache,upset stomach, etc.
"Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" is available in the form of Tablets, Injections, Oral Suspension, Intravenous Infusion.
"Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" is approved in the U.S., U.K., Germany, Japan, Malaysia, India, and China.
"Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" belongs to the pharmacological class of Second-generation cephalosporin antibiotics.
"Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" is a bactericidal antibiotic that works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. Specifically, it binds to and inhibits the activity of the enzymes responsible for cross-linking peptidoglycan strands in bacterial cell walls, known as penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). This leads to the weakening and eventual lysis of bacterial cell walls, resulting in the death of the bacteria. "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" is effective against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, among others.
"Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" has been approved to relieve symptoms and also for the treatment and maintenance of Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis, Acute Bacterial Maxillary Sinusitis, Acute Bacterial Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis, Secondary Bacterial Infections of Acute Bronchitis, Uncomplicated Pneumonia, Uncomplicated Skin/Skin Structure Infections, Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections, Gonorrhea, Early Lyme Disease, Severe or Complicated Infections.
The peak concentration of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" is achieved within 2-3 hours after oral administration. The time to reach peak concentration of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" in the blood is 2-3 hours after oral administration.
The onset of action for "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" varies depending on the indication for which it is being used. In general, it can take several hours to a few days for "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" to produce a therapeutic effect. The duration of action for "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" is generally around 8 hours. However, the duration can vary depending on the dose, route of administration, and the severity of the infection being treated.
"Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" is found to be available in the form of Tablets, Injections, Oral Suspension, and Intravenous Infusion.
"Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" can be used in the following treatment:
- Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis
- Acute Bacterial Maxillary Sinusitis
- Acute Bacterial Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis
- Secondary Bacterial Infections of Acute Bronchitis
- Uncomplicated Pneumonia
- Uncomplicated Skin/Skin Structure Infections
- Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
- Gonorrhea
- Early Lyme Disease
- Severe or Complicated Infections
"Cefuroxime ” and/ or “Cefuroxime Axetil" can help to relieve symptoms and also for the treatment and maintenance of Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis, Acute Bacterial Maxillary Sinusitis, Acute Bacterial Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis, Secondary Bacterial Infections of Acute Bronchitis, Uncomplicated Pneumonia, Uncomplicated Skin/Skin Structure Infections, Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections, Gonorrhea, Early Lyme Disease, Severe or Complicated Infections.
"Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" is approved for use in the following clinical indications:
● Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis
● Acute Bacterial Maxillary Sinusitis
● Acute Bacterial Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis
● Secondary Bacterial Infections of Acute Bronchitis
● Uncomplicated Pneumonia
● Uncomplicated Skin/Skin Structure Infections
● Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
● Gonorrhea
● Early Lyme Disease
● Severe or Complicated Infections
Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis: Take 250 mg orally every 12 hours for ten days.
Acute Bacterial Maxillary Sinusitis: Take 250 mg orally every 12 hours for ten days.
Acute Bacterial Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis: Take 250-500 mg orally every 12 hours for ten days or 500-750 mg intravenously every 8 hours and switch to oral therapy as soon as clinically possible.
Secondary Bacterial Infections of Acute Bronchitis: Take 250-500 mg orally every 12 hours for 5-10 days.
Uncomplicated Pneumonia: Take 750 mg intravenously or intramuscularly every 8 hours.
Uncomplicated Skin/Skin Structure Infections: Take 250-500 mg orally every 12 hours for ten days or 750 mg intravenously or intramuscularly every 8 hours and switch to oral therapy as soon as clinically possible.
Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections: Take 125-250 mg orally every 12 hours for 7-10 days or 750 mg intravenously or intramuscularly every 8 hours and switch to oral therapy as soon as clinically possible.
Gonorrhea: For uncomplicated cases, take 1 g orally once or 1.5 g intramuscularly at two different sites with 1 g of probenecid orally. For disseminated cases, take 750 mg intravenously or intramuscularly every 8 hours.
Early Lyme Disease: Take 500 mg orally every 12 hours for 20 days.
Severe or Complicated Infections: Take 1.5 g intravenously or intramuscularly every 8 hours, which may be increased to every 6 hours in life-threatening situations.
Oral tablets: 125 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg
Oral suspension: 125 mg/5 mL, 250 mg/5 mL
Injection (powder for reconstitution): 750 mg, 1.5 g, 7.5 g
Injection (premixed solution): 750 mg, 1.5 g
Tablets, Injection, Oral Suspension, Intravenous Infusion
- Dosage Adjustments in Kidney Patients:
For patients with creatinine clearance (CrCl) ≥ 30 mL/min, no adjustment is necessary.
For patients with CrCl 10-29 mL/min, the recommended dose is 750 mg every 12 hours for patients with normal susceptibility or 1.5 grams every 12 hours for patients with reduced susceptibility.
For patients with CrCl <10 mL/min, the recommended dose is 750 mg every 24 hours for patients with normal susceptibility or 1.5 grams every 24 hours for patients with reduced susceptibility.
- Dosage Adjustments in Pediatric Patients:
Acute Bacterial Maxillary Sinusitis:
Children aged <3 months: The safety and effectiveness of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" have not been established.
Children aged 3 months to 12 years: The recommended dose is 30 mg/kg/day of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" suspension PO divided every 12 hours for 10 days, not to exceed 1000 mg/day. Alternatively, 75-150 mg/kg/day of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" IV/IM divided every 8 hours can be given, not to exceed 6 g/day.
Children aged >12 years: The recommended dose is a 250 mg tablet of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" PO every 12 hours for 10 days.
Acute Otitis Media:
Children aged <3 months: The safety and effectiveness of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" have not been established.
Children aged 3 months to 12 years: The recommended dose is 30 mg/kg/day of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" suspension PO divided every 12 hours for 10 days, not to exceed 1000 mg/day. Alternatively, 75-150 mg/kg/day of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" IV/IM divided every 8 hours can be given, not to exceed 6 g/day. Alternatively, 125-250 mg of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" PO every 12 hours can be given for 10 days.
Children aged >12 years: The recommended dose is 250-500 mg of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" tablet PO every 12 hours for 10 days.
Impetigo:
Children aged <3 months: The safety and effectiveness of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" have not been established.
Children aged 3 months to 12 years: The recommended dose is 30 mg/kg/day of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" suspension PO divided every 12 hours for 10 days, not to exceed 1000 mg/day or 75-100 mg/kg/day of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" IV/IM divided every 8 hours can be given, not to exceed 6 g/day. Alternatively, 125-250 mg of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" PO every 12 hours can be given for 10 days.
Children aged >12 years: The recommended dose is 250-500 mg of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" tablet PO every 12 hours for 10 days.
Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis:
Children aged <3 months: The safety and effectiveness of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" have not been established.
Children aged 3 months to 12 years: The recommended dose is 20 mg/kg/day of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" PO divided every 12 hours for 10 days, not to exceed 500 mg/day. Alternatively, 75-150 mg/kg/day of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" IV/IM divided every 8 hours can be given, not to exceed 6 g/day. Alternatively, 125-250 mg of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" PO every 12 hours can be given for 10 days.
Children aged >12 years: The recommended dose is 250 mg of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" PO every 12 hours for 10 days.
Severe or Serious Infections (Off-label):
Children aged <6 days and <2 kg: The recommended dose is 100 mg/kg/day of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" IV/IM divided every 12 hours.
Children aged <6 days and >2 kg: The recommended dose is 150 mg/kg/day of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" IV/IM divided every 8 hours.
Children aged >7 days: The recommended dose is 150 mg/kg/day of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" IV/IM divided every 8 hours.
Avoid high acid foods like citrus fruits as well as juices like orange and grapefruit, soda and chocolates.
Alcohol intake may lead to nausea, vomiting and headache
Multivitamins and antacids contain minerals primarily magnesium calcium aluminum iron or zinc which binds to the antibiotic and refrain it from working. Spacing them at least for 2 hours after "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" administration is recommended.
"Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" may be contraindicated under the following conditions:
- "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" is contraindicated in patients who have demonstrated hypersensitivity to "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil", other cephalosporins, penicillins or any component of the formulation. It should also not be used in patients with a history of anaphylaxis to beta-lactam antibiotics.
- Additionally, it is contraindicated in neonates with hyperbilirubinemia or a history of jaundice, as "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" may displace bilirubin from albumin and increase the risk of kernicterus.
- Finally, "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" is contraindicated in patients with a history of colitis, inflammatory bowel disease or pseudomembranous colitis associated with the use of antibiotics.
The physician should closely monitor the patients and keep pharmacovigilance as follows:
General : Before initiating therapy with "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" for oral suspension, it is important to inquire about any previous hypersensitivity reactions to "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil", cephalosporins, penicillin, or other drugs. Caution should be exercised when administering "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" for oral suspension to patients with a history of allergic reactions, particularly to drugs. There is found to be some evidence of partial cross-allergenicity between cephalosporins and penicillins, so special care is required in patients who have had allergic reactions to these drugs. If an allergic reaction to "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" for oral suspension occurs, treatment should be stopped, and appropriate standard agents (e.g., epinephrine, antihistamines, corticosteroids) should be administered as necessary.
"Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" for oral suspension contains aspartame, a source of phenylalanine, and should be avoided in patients with phenylketonuria. Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCAR) such as acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) have been reported in association with beta-lactam treatment. If SCAR is suspected, "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" for oral suspension should be discontinued, and appropriate therapy and measures should be taken.
As with other antibiotics, the use of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" for oral suspension may lead to the overgrowth of Candida and other non-susceptible organisms (e.g., enterococci and Clostridium difficile), which may require treatment interruption. Repeated assessment of the patient's condition is critical. If superinfection occurs during treatment, appropriate measures should be taken. If an organism becomes resistant during antibiotic therapy, "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" for oral suspension should be discontinued, and another appropriate antibiotic should be prescribed.
Clostridium difficile-Associated Disease : CDAD, a type of Clostridium difficile-associated disease, has been reported with the use of many antibacterial agents, including "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" for oral suspension. Symptoms of CDAD may include mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. In patients who develop diarrhea, colitis, pseudomembranous colitis, toxic megacolon, or perforation of the colon following administration of any antibacterial agent, CDAD should be considered. CDAD may occur up to 2 months after administration of antibacterial agents. The use of antibacterial agents may alter the normal flora of the colon and permit the overgrowth of Clostridium difficile, which produces toxins that contribute to the development of CDAD. If the diagnosis of CDAD is suspected or confirmed, appropriate therapeutic measures should be taken. In mild cases of CDAD, discontinuing antibacterial agents not directed against Clostridium difficile may be effective. In moderate to severe cases, fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, and treatment with an antibacterial agent effective against Clostridium difficile should be considered. In severe cases, surgical intervention might be necessary.
Alcohol Warning
There is a moderate interaction between alcohol and "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil". It is generally recommended to avoid drinking alcohol while taking "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" because it may increase the risk of side effects for example dizziness, drowsiness, and gastrointestinal upset. Additionally, alcohol may also impair the body's ability to fight infections, which may reduce the effectiveness of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" in treating bacterial infections.
Breast Feeding Warning
"Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" is excreted in human milk, and therefore, nursing mothers should consider temporarily discontinuing nursing while receiving treatment with "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" axetil.
Pregnancy Warning
Pregnancy Category B
"Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" axetil is classified as Pregnancy Category B, indicating that animal reproduction studies have not shown evidence of harm to the fetus or impaired fertility at doses up to 14 times the recommended maximum human dose based on mg/m2 in mice and 9 times the recommended maximum human dose based on mg/m2 in rats. However, there are found to be no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women, and the use of this drug during pregnancy should be considered only if absolutely necessary, as animal studies may not always accurately predict human response.
Food Warning
No sufficient scientific evidence is traceable regarding the use and safety of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" in concurrent use with any particular food.
The adverse reactions related to "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" can be categorized as follows:
Common
- Diarrhea
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Abdominal pain
- Rash
- Pruritus (itching)
- Injection site reactions (pain, redness, swelling)
Less common
- Headache
- Dizziness
- Fatigue
- Fever
- Chills
- Eosinophilia (increase in white blood cells)
- Hemolytic anemia (destruction of red blood cells)
- Elevated liver enzymes
- Pseudomembranous colitis (inflammation of the colon)
Rare
- Anaphylaxis (life-threatening allergic reaction)
- Stevens-Johnson syndrome (severe skin reaction)
- Toxic epidermal necrolysis (life-threatening skin reaction)
- Agranulocytosis (severe decrease in white blood cells)
The clinically relevant drug interactions of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" is briefly summarized here:
Probenecid: Probenecid may decrease the elimination of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil", leading to increased blood levels and risk of side effects.
Aminoglycosides: "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" can enhance the nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides, which can lead to kidney damage.
Warfarin: "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" may increase the effects of warfarin, leading to an increased risk of bleeding.
Loop diuretics: "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" can reduce the effectiveness of loop diuretics, such as furosemide, leading to edema or fluid overload.
Oral contraceptives: "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" can reduce the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives, leading to unintended pregnancy.
The following are the side effects involving "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil":
- Diarrhea
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Stomach pain
- Headache
- Dizziness
- Rash or itching
- Yeast infection
- Pregnancy
Pregnancy Category B
"Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" axetil is classified as Pregnancy Category B, indicating that animal reproduction studies have not shown evidence of harm to the fetus or impaired fertility at doses up to 14 times the recommended maximum human dose based on mg/m2 in mice and 9 times the recommended maximum human dose based on mg/m2 in rats. However, there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women, and the use of this drug during pregnancy should be considered only if absolutely necessary, as animal studies may not always accurately predict human response.
- Labor and Delivery: The safety and efficacy of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" axetil during labor and delivery have not been studied.
- Nursing Mothers: "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" is excreted in human milk, and therefore, nursing mothers should consider temporarily discontinuing nursing while receiving treatment with "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" axetil.
- Pediatric Use: "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" has been approved for the treatment of acute bacterial maxillary sinusitis in pediatric patients aged 3 months to 12 years, based on safety and efficacy data from clinical studies in adults and pediatric patients, as well as microbiological and clinical data from well-controlled studies. Postmarking surveillance also supports the use of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" in pediatric patients.
- Geriatric Use: Of the 20 clinical studies of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil", 375 subjects were aged 65 and over, while 151 were aged 75 and over. No significant differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these elderly patients and younger adult patients. Geriatric patients reported slightly fewer gastrointestinal events and less frequent vaginal candidiasis compared to patients aged 12 to 64 years old, but these differences were not clinically significant. Clinical experience has not identified any notable differences in responses between elderly and younger adult patients.
Physicians should be knowledgeable and vigilant about the treatment and identification of overdosage of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil".
Overdosage of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" can lead to an increased risk of adverse effects, including gastrointestinal symptoms (such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea), central nervous system effects (such as headache, dizziness, and seizures), and hematologic effects (such as thrombocytosis and eosinophilia). In cases of severe overdose, renal failure, hepatic dysfunction, and encephalopathy may occur.
There is no specific antidote for "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" overdose, and treatment is generally supportive and symptomatic. Gastric lavage or activated charcoal may be used to decrease absorption if the overdose is recent. Patients should be monitored closely, and appropriate management of any adverse effects should be provided. Hemodialysis can remove "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" from the blood in cases of severe overdose or renal failure. In case of suspected overdose, seek medical attention immediately.
Pharmacodynamics
"Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" belongs to the β-lactam type of antibiotics and specifically, it is a second-generation cephalosporin. It works similarly to penicillins by disrupting the bacterial cell wall's peptidoglycan synthesis through inhibiting the final transpeptidation necessary for cross-linking, resulting in a bactericidal effect. "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" is effective against various aerobic Gram-positive microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pyogenes, as well as aerobic Gram-negative microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (including beta-lactamase-producing strains), Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis (including beta-lactamase-producing strains), and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (including beta-lactamase-producing strains). "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" also works against spirochetes such as Borrelia burgdorferi. "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" axetil is the prodrug form of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil".
Pharmacokinetics
- Absorption: "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" axetil, an oral prodrug of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil", is rapidly hydrolyzed in the intestinal mucosa to "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil". The absolute bioavailability of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" axetil is approximately 37%. The time taken to reach maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) after a single oral dose of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" axetil is approximately 2 to 3 hours. The bioavailability of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" is increased by food.
- Distribution: "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" is widely distributed into body tissues and fluids. The volume of distribution at steady state is approximately 50 L. "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" crosses the blood-brain barrier in small amounts. The protein binding of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" is approximately 33%.
- Metabolism: "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" is not extensively metabolized. Approximately 50% of the dose is excreted unchanged in the urine within 12 hours. The remainder of the dose is excreted as inactive metabolites in the urine and, to a lesser extent, in the feces.
- Elimination: The elimination half-life of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" is approximately 80 minutes in adults with normal renal function. The total clearance of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" is approximately 200 to 300 mL/min. The pharmacokinetics of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" are altered in patients with impaired renal function, with the elimination half-life and total clearance being prolonged and reduced, respectively.
- T C Samanta, R P Bax, R M Pearson, C W Havard, W Brumfitt, J M Hamilton-Miller.Clinical study of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections.Curr Med Res Opin. 1980;6(7):466-71. doi: 10.1185/03007998009109469.
- C W Havard, A Fernando, B Bannister, W Brumfitt, J M Hamilton-Miller.Clinical and pharmacokinetic comparison of "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" sodium and "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" lysine in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections.J Antimicrob Chemother. 1981 Nov;8(5):401-8. doi: 10.1093/jac/8.5.401.
- A Pines, H Raafat, M R Kennedy, B M Mullinger.Experience with "Cefuroxime ” and/or “Cefuroxime Axetil" in 190 patients with severe respiratory infections.Chemotherapy. 1980;26(3):212-7. doi: 10.1159/000237907.
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