Can Mechanical Heart Valve Replacement Outperform Biological Valves in Older Patients? Study Finds Out - Video

Patients aged between 50 to 70 years with a mechanical heart valve replacement had better long-term survival compared to those with a biological valve, new research led by the University of Bristol has found. The study is published in the European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery.

Existing guidelines support the use of mechanical valves made of synthetic materials in patients below the age of 50, while biological valves made of animal tissue are favoured for those above the age of 65 or 70. The guidelines leave the choice to the decision of surgeons and patients who are 50 to 70 years old.

A total of 1,708 (61% male) patients with an average age of 63 years were included with 1,191 (69.7%) receiving a biological valve replacement.

The research found there were no short-term differences when comparing patients receiving biological and mechanical valves. However, patients who received mechanical valves had better long-term survival up to 13 years after having surgery.

Patients with a size 19 mm biological valve replacement had the worse long-term survival. Patients with a size 21 mm mechanical valve had better survival compared to both size 19 and 21 mm biological valves. The study confirmed that severe patient prosthesis mismatch is a significant risk factor for poor long-term survival.

Gianni Angelini, BHF Professor of Cardiac Surgery at the Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences (THS), Director of the Bristol Heart Institute and corresponding author, said: “Our study has implications for decision-making in surgical heart valve replacements for patients aged between 50 and 70 years old. The evidence supporting better long-term survival in patients receiving a mechanical heart valve suggests the current trend favouring biological valves in this age bracket should be urgently reconsidered. The survival benefit is especially clear in smaller sized valves.”

The research team recommends the evaluation of the long-term benefits associated with mechanical valves, especially in smaller sizes, despite long-term blood thinners not being needed with biological valves.

Reference: Jeremy Chan, Pradeep Narayan, Daniel P Fudulu, Tim Dong, Hunaid A Vohra, Gianni D Angelini, Long-term clinical outcomes in patients between the age of 50-70 years receiving biological versus mechanical aortic valve prostheses, European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 2025;, ezaf033, https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezaf033