Passive immunity against COVID-19 exhibited in newborns after maternal vaccination: Study
Vaccination of pregnant women can be an important strategy to confer protection to neonates and young infants. However, there are limited data on the immunologic response of pregnant women to the messenger RNA (mRNA) coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations and the kinetics of transplacental antibody transfer. The objective of this study done by Mithal et al was to investigate the transfer of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunoglobulin G (IgG) to infants following maternal COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy and the factors associated with an increased efficiency of transfer.
This was a prospective case series of pregnant women who delivered at the Prentice Women's Hospital in Chicago, IL (between January 2021 and March 2021). Women who received a COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy were identified via review of the electronic health records (EHRs). Demographic and clinical information, including the specific vaccine used and the latency from vaccination to delivery was obtained from the EHRs. At the time of the study, 2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, the Pfizer (New York, NY) and Moderna (Cambridge, MA) vaccines, had received emergency use authorization, and healthcare workers were the initial qualifying group.
Maternal blood and umbilical cord blood (herein referred to as "infant") were retrieved from specimens submitted for blood typing. SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibody levels were measured from the plasma using the Access SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM Antibody tests (DXI Platform, Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA) in a certified clinical laboratory. The chemiluminescent assay quantitatively reports antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain in arbitrary units [AU]/mL, with values of 1 considered positive. The antibody transfer ratio was calculated as the infant IgG concentration divided by the maternal IgG concentration. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Linear regressions were used to identify factors significantly associated with the antibody transfer ratios and the infant IgG values.
Researchers collected matched maternal plasma and cord blood from 27 women who received a COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy; they delivered 28 infants (1 twin pair).
The average maternal age was 333 (mean standard deviation) years; race and ethnicity was 75% non-Hispanic White and 11% Hispanic. The average gestational age at first vaccine dose was 332 weeks.
For the vaccine type, 18 (64%) received the Pfizer vaccine, 6 (18%) received the Moderna vaccine, and 4 (14%) received a vaccine with the manufacturer unknown. Of note, 22 women (74%) received both vaccine doses before delivery with a mean latency of 63 weeks.
About half of the women (15/27) and none of the infants had a positive IgM test (>1) (Figure, A). All but 1 woman (26/27) had a positive SARS-CoV-2 IgG test at the time of delivery. Only 3 infants did not have positive IgG tests (1 set of twins); these 2 women had received their first vaccine dose less than 3 weeks before delivery.
The average maternal to infant IgG transfer ratio was 1.0±0.6, however, an increased latency from vaccination to delivery (weeks) was associated with an increased transfer ratio (ß=0.2). Correspondingly, having received the second vaccine dose before delivery was significantly associated with increased infant IgG levels (ß=19.0). Similarly, latency from vaccination to delivery was associated with increased infant IgG levels (ß=2.9).
Most pregnant women who received a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine during the third trimester had transplacental transfer of IgG to the infant. The observed mean IgG transfer ratio demonstrated that infant antibody levels are about equal to the maternal levels. This is slightly lower than what has been reported for the pertussis vaccinations but greater than the transfer ratio following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
A novel finding is that the transfer ratio seems to increase with latency from vaccination. These data suggest, at least among women in their third trimester, that earlier vaccination may produce a greater infant immunity, the immunobiology of which requires further study. Notably, owing to vaccine eligibility and timing, most women included herein were healthcare workers in their third trimester. Future research, including a more diverse cohort of women and women who received vaccination earlier in their pregnancy, is needed. Nevertheless, these results show promising evidence for passive immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in newborns after maternal receipt of COVID-19 mRNA vaccinations.
