Sacubitril/Valsartan does not best valsartan in patients with advanced heart failure: LIFE Trial

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved sacubitril/valsartan for treatment of heart failure, but the major clinical trial that led to the drug combination's approval, called PARADIGM-HF, had relatively few participants with New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class IV heart failure, the most severe form of the disease. The new trial, called LIFE, was designed to determine whether sacubitril/valsartan is superior to valsartan alone in patients with severe HFrEF.

The trial found no significant improvements with the combination drug when compared with valsartan in terms of the primary endpoint: change in heart failure severity as measured by the area under the curve for N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels. The results also showed no difference in terms of clinical outcomes, though results for some secondary and tertiary endpoints favored valsartan, including a finding that patients taking valsartan were significantly less likely to experience hyperkalemia (elevated potassium levels).

"The results of the LIFE trial show that sacubitril/valsartan is not superior to valsartan for lowering NT-proBNP levels in patients with advanced heart failure," said Douglas L. Mann, MD, Lewin Distinguished Professor of Cardiovascular Disease at Washington University School of Medicine and the study's lead author. "This is important because the type of heart failure patients studied in the LIFE trial were sicker than the patients in PARADIGM-HF. Although the trial did not have the statistical power to evaluate endpoints such as cardiovascular death and heart failure hospitalization, when you look at the totality of the data, everything was in favor of valsartan."

For the trial, researchers enrolled 335 patients with advanced heart failure as defined by having reduced pumping capacity with an ejection fraction of less than 35% (a measure of the heart's squeezing ability for which a value of 50-70% is considered normal) as well as other physiological and functional markers of severe heart failure. Participants were randomly assigned to take either sacubitril/valsartan or valsartan alone for 24 weeks.

About one-third of patients assigned to take sacubitril/valsartan were unable to tolerate the combination drug at the full dose used in previous trials due to side effects including hypotension (low blood pressure and dizziness) and worsening renal function. These patients took a reduced dose.

"Patients with advanced heart failure are a very difficult group of patients to treat. It has been widely assumed that sacubitril/valsartan would be effective in all patients with heart failure," Mann said. "I think the drug works very effectively in patients with milder heart failure, but the results of the LIFE trial indicate that there is no evidence that sacubitril/valsartan is better than valsartan for more advanced heart failure, and there appears to be less hyperkalemia with valsartan."

The combination of sacubitril/valsartan is thought to work in part by reducing the size of the heart and improving its pumping ability.

"We make the assumption that all heart failure patients are the same and therefore will respond the same to all therapies. However, the patient population with advanced heart failure is different from patients with less advanced heart failure because of the end organ changes that occur in the heart and kidneys. These end-organ changes limit the ability of the failing heart to respond to conventional therapies to the same extent as occurs in patients with milder forms of heart failure. This is one of the lessons we learned from the LIFE trial," Mann said.

The study was limited by its relatively short duration, Mann said. In addition, the sample size fell short of the planned enrollment of 400 patients since the trial was stopped early in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Reference:

The study titled, "Sacubitril/Valsartan in Advanced Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: Rationale and Design of the LIFE Trial," is published in the journal JACC: Heart Failure.

DOI: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213177920302729