Major Depressive disorder characterised by distinct gut microbiome

The gut microbiome are vital and direct environmental contributor to central nervous system development, it consists of a vast bacterial and viral community that can significantly influence host health and disease. It has been hypothesized to play a critical role in the onset of various neuropsychiatric disorders such as Parkinson's disease, autism, and bipolar disorder, via the "microbiota-gut-brain" axis. Disturbances in the gut bacterial microbiome in MDD have been observed in prior studies using the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing method. Moreover, using fecal transplantation experiments, two studies have further shown that transplanting the "MDD microbiota" into germ-free mice or microbiota-depleted rats can induce depression-like behaviours in recipient animals, which clarifies a causal role of the gut microbiome in MDD onset. However, several pivotal questions were not clearly and comprehensively elaborated and so far, no research has been conducted to explore whether MDD is accompanied by enteric virome disturbances. To bridge the knowledge gaps, researchers conducted a cross-sectional whole-genome shotgun metagenomics analysis of 311 fecal samples from patients with MDD and healthy controls (HCs) to characterize the signatures of gut bacteriophages and bacteria as well as their functional potential.

They analysed 311 fecal samples from 156 people with MDD and 155 people without MDD. Each of the samples underwent a metagenomic analysis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) based fecal metabolomics analysis to identify microbes and other material found in the samples.

Using Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) researchers found that bacterial signatures between the two groups were significantly distinct. They identified a total of 47 discriminative bacterial species between the MDD and healthy control (HC) groups along with 50 fecal metabolites and three bacteriophages that were also different.They also found a higher level of enriched bacterial species especially of genus Bacteroides in the MDD group than in the HC group. Bacterial species of Eubacterium and Blautia were comparatively less in the MDD group than in the HC group.