Mediterranean Diet Linked to Higher Levels of Protective Proteins in Older Adults: Study

The Mediterranean diet may protect the brain, heart and aging cells through tiny proteins produced by the body's energy-generating structures, according to a new study. Researchers have identified a possible molecular mechanism that could explain how this popular dietary pattern supports long-term health and healthy aging.

The study, conducted by researchers at the USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, investigated the relationship between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and two mitochondrial microproteins known as humanin and SHMOOSE.

The Mediterranean diet emphasises olive oil, fish, legumes, fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Previous studies have associated this eating pattern with lower risks of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and cognitive decline.

Researchers examined blood samples from older adults with varying levels of adherence to the Mediterranean diet, focusing on proteins involved in cellular protection and aging.

The findings revealed that participants who followed the Mediterranean diet more closely had significantly higher levels of humanin and SHMOOSE, two proteins previously linked to cardiovascular and neurological health.

These participants also demonstrated lower markers of oxidative stress, a process in which harmful molecules damage cells and contribute to aging and chronic diseases.

Interestingly, higher consumption of olive oil, fish and legumes was associated with increased humanin levels, while olive oil consumption and lower intake of refined carbohydrates were linked to higher SHMOOSE levels.

Researchers also identified an association between higher humanin levels and reduced activity of Nox2, an enzyme involved in producing molecules that contribute to oxidative stress.

The findings suggest that mitochondrial microproteins may help explain how dietary habits influence cellular health and potentially protect against age-related diseases.

However, the study was relatively small and observational, meaning it could not establish that the Mediterranean diet directly increases these proteins or prevents disease.

Further studies are needed to determine whether dietary interventions can influence these molecular pathways.

REFERENCE: Roberto Vicinanza, et al.; Mediterranean diet adherence is associated with mitochondrial microproteins Humanin and SHMOOSE; potential role of the Humanin–Nox2 interaction in cardioprotection. Frontiers in Nutrition, 2026; 12 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1727012