Study Links Western Diets to Higher Risk of IBD and Colorectal Cancer

A recent review published in Nature Reviews Microbiology has revealed that Western diets significantly increase the risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer. Conducted by APC Microbiome Ireland (APC) in collaboration with Teagasc and University College Cork (UCC), the study explores the impact of various dietary patterns on gut health and associated diseases.

The comprehensive review analysed six prevalent diets: Mediterranean, high-fiber, plant-based, high-protein, ketogenic, and Western. The focus was on how these diets influence the gut microbiome—the community of microorganisms living in the intestines—and how changes in the microbiome affect overall health.

Key findings indicate that the Western diet, characterized by high levels of fat and sugar, has particularly detrimental effects on gut microbiome composition and functionality. This diet disrupts the balance of beneficial microorganisms and is linked to a higher risk of developing IBD and colorectal cancer. In contrast, diets rich in plant-based and high-fiber foods were found to have a more positive impact on the gut microbiome.

The review also highlighted the Mediterranean diet, which emphasizes fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, as effective in managing conditions such as cardiovascular disease, IBD, and type 2 diabetes. The diet supports a healthier gut microbiome and contributes to better overall health outcomes.

These findings provided valuable insights for both the food industry and healthcare professionals, guiding better dietary recommendations and interventions. By understanding how different diets affect the gut microbiome, targeted nutritional therapies can be developed to improve public health.

“Our review underscores the profound effects of different diets on the gut microbiome, emphasizing its role in health and disease prevention. It reveals how dietary choices shape gut microorganisms and their functions, marking a significant advance in microbiome research. This detailed analysis highlights the potential of diet-based interventions to enhance clinical practice and demonstrates the microbiome’s critical relevance for societal health benefits,” said the researchers.

Reference: Ross, F. C., et al. (2024). The interplay between diet and the gut microbiome: implications for health and disease. Nature Reviews Microbiology. doi.org/10.1038/s41579-024-01068-4.