Treatment-resistant depression patients at higher risk of death

Depression is the leading cause of functional disability the world over. The most common treatments are antidepressants or psychotherapy. Many sufferers need care for months or years, but a significant share of patients never recover despite two well-implemented treatment attempts. They have what is commonly called treatment resistant depression.   

Researchers at Karolinska Institutet and the Centre for Psychiatric Research have now examined the effects of treatment resistant depression in Region Stockholm at both an individual and societal level, something that has not been studied to the same extent previously.  

Patients with treatment resistant depression have a 23 per cent higher risk of death than other depressed patients. They also have twice as much outpatient care and spend three times the number of days in inpatient care. These are findings of a new study published in JAMA Psychiatry by researchers from Karolinska Institutet and elsewhere, who conclude that it is important to identify patients at risk of developing treatment resistant depression.   

In the population-based observation study, the researchers used data from several sources, including Region Stockholm's administrative healthcare database and the Swedish Social Insurance Agency. Over 145,000 patients with depression in the Stockholm region were included in the study.   

Having identified 158,000 depressive episodes in these patients between 2012 and 2017, of which in excess of 12,000 were of a treatment-resistant nature, the researchers were able to draw a number of conclusions about what characterises patients with treatment resistant depression.   

"We found that the treatment-resistant group used outpatient resources twice as much, had twice the amount of sick leave, spent three times the number of days in hospital and had a 23 percent higher mortality rate than patients with treatment-responsive depression," says Johan Lundberg, adjunct professor of psychiatry at the Department of Clinical Neuroscience and head of the mood disorder section at the Northern Stockholm Psychiatry Clinic.   

They also found increased comorbidity with other psychiatric conditions, such as anxiety syndrome, insomnia, substance abuse syndrome and self-harm in the group with treatment resistant depression.  

The researchers discovered that the risk of developing treatment resistant depression could be predicted already at the first depression diagnosis. By far the most important prognostic factor was self-rated severity of depression. 

"We would benefit from identifying patients at risk of developing treatment resistant depression, since it causes a great deal of personal suffering and is a burden for the whole of society," says Professor Johan Lundberg. 

It took an average of one and a half years for the patients with treatment resistant depression to undergo the two treatment attempts, which is several months longer than is recommended for assessing the efficacy of a treatment for depression. Professor Lundberg says that a more frequent replacement of ineffective treatments would probably be of great help for this patient group. 

"We're talking about a patient group with a substantial health care consumption that might be identified earlier than today by increasing the use of symptom severity rating scales. Going by the results of the study, their care and treatment could be improved if their physician replaced ineffective treatments more rapidly and more often used treatments recommended for treatment resistant depression, such as lithium, than was the case in the study material," says Professor Lundberg.   

Reference:

"Treatment resistant depression: epidemiology, consequences, and associations ‐ a population‐wide study," Johan Lundberg, Thomas Cars, Sven-Åke Lööv, Jonas Söderling, Johan Sundström, Jari Tiihonen, Amy Leval, Anna Gannedahl, Carl Björkholm, Mikael Själin, Clara Hellner, JAMA Psychiatry, online 14 of December 2022, doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.3860