Vitamin D deficiency raises risk of muscle weakness, study reveals

Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency heighten the risk of muscle weakness. 

Brazil: Vitamin D supplementation lowers dynapenia risk in older people by 78%, a recent study published in Calcified Tissue International has shown.

Vitamin D is important in regulating the organism's calcium and phosphorus absorption. It also helps keep the brain and immune system working. 

Dynapenia is an age-associated loss of muscle strength. It can be partially explained by muscle atrophy and is a major risk factor for physical incapacity later in life. People with dynapenia are more likely to fall, need to go to a hospital, be prematurely institutionalized, and die.

The researchers analyzed data for 3,205 non-dynapenic individuals aged 50 and over who were followed for four years by the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), a long-term multi-cohort study that began in 2002 and has had more than 15 years of follow-up.

"Vitamin D is known to participate in various functions of the organism. Actually, it's a hormone whose many roles include helping repair muscles and releasing calcium for muscle contraction kinetics. It was therefore expected to cause muscle alterations of some kind. That's exactly what our study proved," said Tiago da Silva Alexandre, last author of the article. Alexandre is a professor of gerontology at UFSCar.

Bone and muscle tissue are interconnected mechanically and physically and biochemically interconnected. "Endocrine disorders such as vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency can lead to loss of bone mineral density as well as a reduction in muscle mass, strength and function," he said.

The study sample comprised individuals aged 50 and over without dynapenia. Grip strength (considered a good proxy for overall muscle strength) was 26 kg or more for men and 16 kg or more for women.

The main conclusion was that individuals with vitamin D deficiency, defined as less than 30 nanomoles per liter in the blood, had a 70% higher risk of developing dynapenia by the end of the four-year study period than those with normal levels of vitamin D, defined as more than 50 nmol/L.

"This is an important finding as it shows that vitamin D deficiency heightens the risk of muscle weakness by 70%. However, because we knew many worldwide cases of osteoporosis who take vitamin supplements, we needed to try to measure the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation," said Maicon Luís Bicigo Delinocente, first author of the article. 

When individuals with osteoporosis and those taking vitamin D were excluded from the analysis, he explained, "we found that the risk of developing muscle weakness by the end of the four-year period was 78% higher for subjects with vitamin D deficiency at the start of the study than for subjects with normal vitamin D levels and 77% higher for those with vitamin D insufficiency [30-50 nmol/L]".

The results proved that both vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency heighten the risk of muscle weakness, Alexandre said. "Another conclusion derived from the study results is that it's important to take vitamin D if you have a deficiency or insufficiency," he added. "The study analyzed data for people who live in the UK. There are many more days of sunlight per year in Brazil, yet we're known to have a high incidence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency, especially among older people. Indeed, this is the case worldwide."

Alexandre recalled that our body only synthesizes vitamin D when large areas of skin are exposed to sunlight. "It's necessary to explain to people that they risk losing muscle strength if they don't get enough vitamin D. They need to expose themselves to the sun, eat food rich in vitamin D or take a supplement, and do resistance training exercises to maintain muscle strength," he said.

Reference:

Delinocente, M.L.B., Luiz, M.M., de Oliveira, D.C. et al. Are Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Deficiency and Insufficiency Risk Factors for the Incidence of Dynapenia?. Calcif Tissue Int 111, 571–579 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-022-01021-8