The addition of salt causes increased risk of chronic kidney disease

In a groundbreaking study researchers from the U.S.A reported the effect of adding salt to foods on chronic kidney disease. They found that increased addition of salt to foods, reported by self, lead to an increased risk of chronic kidney disease in general population.

The study results were published in the journal JAMA Network Open.

The frequency with which individuals report adding salt to their food may indicate their enduring preference for salty tastes. High salt intake has been linked to a heightened risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, it is currently unclear whether self-reported salt addition to foods correlates with an elevated risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Hence researchers from New Orleans and Boston conducted a cohort study to prospectively examine the association of self-reported frequency of adding salt to foods with incident CKD risk in a general population of adults.

In a cohort comprising 465,288 individuals with average [SD] age of 56.32 [8.08] years; 255,102 females [54.83%] and 210,186 males [45.17%]), those who frequently added salt to their foods tended to have a higher BMI, a greater Townsend Deprivation Index score, and a lower baseline eGFR than those who added salt less often.

Furthermore, individuals who regularly added salt were more inclined to be current smokers and to have diabetes or CVD at the study's outset compared to their counterparts who seldom added salt.

After accounting for various factors, a greater self-reported salt addition frequency was notably linked to an elevated CKD risk.

Specifically, compared to those seldom or never adding salt, the risk was higher for those who sometimes added salt (adjusted HR [aHR], 1.04; 95% CI, 1.00-1.07), usually added salt (aHR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.02-1.11), and always added salt (aHR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.05-1.18) to their food (P for trend < .001).

Moreover, factors like eGFR, BMI, and physical activity levels influenced these associations, with more significant effects seen in participants with higher eGFR, lower BMI, or reduced physical activity.

Thus, the present study summarized that an increased self-reported habit of adding salt to foods correlates with an elevated risk of CKD. These results advocate for minimizing salt addition to foods as a potential approach to prevent CKD. Further post hoc analyses or subsequent studies in clinical settings are essential to confirm these observations.

Reference: Tang R, Kou M, Wang X, et al. Self-Reported Frequency of Adding Salt to Food and Risk of Incident Chronic Kidney Disease. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(12):e2349930. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.49930