Among post cardiac arrest patients restrictive oxygenation does not cause harm
Hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury is by far the leading cause of death after cardiac arrest. In order to take care of this temperature control with sedation and mechanical ventilation is the key.
According to a new research among post cardiac arrest patients restrictive oxygenation is not harmful. Further restrictive oxygenation target in comatose patients resuscitated after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest does not worsen survival or neurological outcome compared with a liberal target.
The research was presented in a hot Line session at ESC Congress 2022.
Study author Professor Jacob Moller of Odense University Hospital, Denmark said: "The findings should reassure clinicians that targeting a partial arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) of 9 to 10 kilopascal (kPa) in post cardiac arrest patients does not cause harm."
More than 750,000 Europeans suffer cardiac arrest every year and most die before reaching hospital. Among those surviving to hospital admission, approximately 40% will die and the first days of intensive care are critical. Hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury is by far the leading cause of death.
During resuscitation, the brain is exposed to hypoxia and ischaemia, and when circulation is re-established, reperfusion may cause further injury. To attenuate this, guidelines recommend temperature control with sedation and mechanical ventilation. Observational studies have shown that high blood oxygen content is associated with high risk of brain injury and mortality.
Animal studies have suggested that too much oxygen worsens brain damage after cardiac arrest.6 However, too little oxygen also bears risks. Thus, clinical equipoise exists with regards to the benefits of different targets for oxygen therapy in patients resuscitated after cardiac arrest.
BOX examined the effect of two oxygen targets during mechanical ventilation on the composite endpoint of death from any cause or discharge from hospital in a poor neurological state in comatose patients resuscitated after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
The trial had a factorial design which also allocated patients to one of two target blood pressures (reported in another ESC Congress presentation).7 The blood pressure intervention was double-blinded and the oxygenation intervention was open-label. The study was performed at two Danish high volume cardiac arrest centres.
A total of 789 comatose adults were randomised 1:1 after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of presumed cardiac cause to either restrictive oxygenation targeting a PaO2 of 9-10 kPa or liberal oxygenation targeting 13-14 kPa. The average age of participants was 63 years and 81% were men. Patients received standard targeted temperature management for 24 hours at 36 °C.
The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality within 90 days or discharge from hospital in a state of Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) 3 or 4 (defined as depending on others for daily activities or worse), whichever occurred first. Secondary endpoints comprised all-cause mortality, and three-month CPC, modified Rankin Scale score to assess disability, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score to evaluate mild cognitive impairment.
The primary composite endpoint occurred in 126 of 394 patients (32.0%) in the restrictive oxygen target group and in 134 of 395 patients (33.9%) in the liberal oxygen target group (hazard ratio 0.91; 95% confidence interval 0.71–1.16; p=0.59). There were no differences between groups in the modified Rankin Scale, CPC or MoCA scores.
Professor Moller said: "BOX shows that targeting restrictive oxygenation in comatose patients resuscitated after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest does not alter survival or neurological outcome compared with targeting liberal oxygenation. The results suggest that oxygenation targets aiming at PaO2 between 9 and 14 kPa balance the risks of low and high oxygenation well."
References:
1.Gräsner JT, Herlitz J, Tjelmeland IBM, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Epidemiology of cardiac arrest in Europe. Resuscitation. 2021;161:61-79.
2. Sandroni C, Cronberg T, Sekhon M. Brain injury after cardiac arrest: pathophysiology, treatment, and prognosis. Intensive Care Med. 2021;47:1393–1414.
3. Nolan JP, Sandroni C, Bottiger BW, et al. European Resuscitation Council and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine guidelines 2021: post-resuscitation care. Intensive Care Med. 2021;47:369-421.
4. Kilgannon JH, Jones AE, Parrillo JE, et al. Relationship between supranormal oxygen tension and outcome after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2011;123:2717-2722.
5. Pilcher J, Weatherall M, Shirtcliffe P, et al. The effect of hyperoxia following cardiac arrest - A systematic review and meta-analysis of animal trials. Resuscitation. 2012;83:417-422.
