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Gum Disease Linked to Increased Risk of Gestational Diabetes: Study

A study published in BMC Oral Health suggests that women of childbearing age with gum disease may face a higher risk of developing gestational diabetes. Researchers observed a dose-dependent relationship between the severity of gum inflammation measured by clinical attachment level and the occurrence of gestational diabetes, highlighting the key role of inflammation in this association. The study was conducted by Jing Cheng and colleagues.
The study drew a large cohort of 5,283 women in the age group of 20 to 44 years, drawn from NHANES III and NHANES 2009–2014 data sets. These subjects were categorized based on their diabetes status as non-diabetes, diabetes mellitus (DM), and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Periodontal status of the participants was measured by both categorical diagnosis of periodontitis as well as continuous variables such as clinical attachment level (CAL).
Multivariate logistic regression analyses were utilized to compare the associations between periodontal measures and status of diabetes. Linear regression models were applied to examine associations with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Mediation analysis was also used to evaluate if inflammatory biomarkers such as white blood cell count (WBC), monocyte count, and monocyte-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) were mediators of the relationship between periodontitis and GDM.
Key Findings
Women with periodontitis had 1.68 times the risk of having GDM as women without periodontitis (OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.14–2.50).
Increased clinical attachment level (CAL) was correlated with a 50% increased risk of GDM with every 1-mm increase (OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.25–1.81).
HbA1c was positively correlated with both periodontitis (Beta = 0.19, SE = 0.06, p < 0.01) and CAL (Beta = 0.06, SE = 0.03, p < 0.001).
White blood cell count mediated 5.02%
Monocyte count mediated 5.88%
Monocyte-lymphocyte ratio mediated 5.20%
The research concluded that periodontitis was highly related to gestational diabetes mellitus risk among women of childbearing age. Systemic inflammation, as indicated by heightened white blood cell count, monocyte count, and monocyte-lymphocyte ratio, seemed to partially mediate this relationship. The findings are in favor of incorporating periodontal screening in prenatal care to possibly eliminate the risk of GDM through early detection and intervention of oral inflammation.
Reference:
Cheng, J., Jiang, Q., Liu, Y. et al. Mediating role of systemic inflammation on the association between periodontitis and gestational diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health 25, 1179 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-025-06541-x
Dr Riya Dave has completed dentistry from Gujarat University in 2022. She is a dentist and accomplished medical and scientific writer known for her commitment to bridging the gap between clinical expertise and accessible healthcare information. She has been actively involved in writing blogs related to health and wellness.
Dr Kamal Kant Kohli-MBBS, DTCD- a chest specialist with more than 30 years of practice and a flair for writing clinical articles, Dr Kamal Kant Kohli joined Medical Dialogues as a Chief Editor of Medical News. Besides writing articles, as an editor, he proofreads and verifies all the medical content published on Medical Dialogues including those coming from journals, studies,medical conferences,guidelines etc. Email: drkohli@medicaldialogues.in. Contact no. 011-43720751