Omega-3 fatty acids heal inflammation, boost immunity of hospitalized elderly COVID-19 patients

Among COVID-19 patients the immune system and the body's activation of white blood cells are over-activated as result of infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This can lead to systemic inflammatory storm with worsening of disease leading to complications including sepsis and heart failure.

Researchers at Karolinska Institutet have found in a new study that omega-3 fatty acids can accelerate the healing of the inflammation without compromising the body's immune system thereby counteracting the most serious complications of COVID-19.

Stimulated inflammation-healing molecules

The study was conducted in 2020, at an early stage of the pandemic when there were no vaccines available. The study looked at 22 elderly hospitalised COVID-19 patients, one-half of whom were randomly assigned to intravenous treatment with omega-3 fatty acids for five days and the other half to intravenous administration of corresponding volumes of saline.

The treatment effect was found by mapping inflammatory biomarkers and immunological reactions.

"First, we showed that fatty acid metabolism to inflammation-healing molecules was stimulated in those patients treated with omega-3 fatty acids. By isolating immune cells before, during, and after treatment, we were able to show that immune function improved," says Magnus Bäck, senior consultant in cardiology and professor at the Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and the study's corresponding author.

The biochemical analyses were carried out in collaboration with Craig Wheelock's research group at the Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet.

Planning further studies

Researchers are now planning for larger clinical studies, which will be needed to show whether the course of the disease in severe COVID-19 is improved through treatment with omega-3 fatty acids.

"It is important that even our weakest and frailest patients have the opportunity to participate in studies when the enemy, in this case, COVID-19, is on the attack and that they can fight the disease with the help of the medicine," says Dorota Religa, senior consultant and professor of geriatrics at the Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet.

"Stimulating the healing of inflammation with omega-3 fatty acids has the potential to lead to a new, cost-effective low-risk treatment for COVID-19, as a complement to existing treatment," says Magnus Bäck.

The study was funded by King Gustaf V's and Queen Victoria's Masonic Foundation. There are no reported conflicts of interest or industry sponsors.

Reference:

Arnardottir, H., Pawelzik, S.-C., Sarajlic, P., Quaranta, A., Kolmert, J., Religa, D., Wheelock, C.E. and Bäck, M. (2022), Immunomodulation by intravenous omega-3 fatty acid treatment in older subjects hospitalized for COVID-19: A single-blind randomized controlled trial. Clin. Transl. Med., 12: e895. https://doi.org/10.1002/ctm2.895