Sauna bathing may boost immune responses, suggests study

Sauna bathing releases white blood cells into the bloodstream, a new study from Finland shows. Circulating white blood cells play a key role in the body’s defence against various pathogens and diseases.

A 30-minute sauna session, with a brief cooling period under a cold shower midway through, increased the number of all circulating white blood cells. Neutrophils and lymphocytes, which are central to immune defence, returned to baseline within half an hour.

“This may indicate that sauna bathing mobilises additional white blood cells into the bloodstream from tissues, where they are then redeposited after the session. This kind of periodic release of white blood cells into the bloodstream is beneficial, as once they leave their storage sites, they are better able to patrol the body and respond to pathogens,” says Ilkka Heinonen, an Academy Research Fellow at the University of Turku.

The release of white blood cells into the bloodstream, which also occurs, for example, during physical exercise, is the body’s way of enhancing immune surveillance by white blood cells throughout the body, and boosting its immune defence.

In addition to immune cells, the researchers also measured the levels of numerous cytokines, which act as mediators in immune defence. On average, sauna bathing had little effect on circulating cytokine levels.

“Interestingly, however, the levels of several cytokines changed in relation to how much body temperature rose during sauna bathing. No similar association was observed between white blood cell counts and changes in body temperature,” says Professor Jari Laukkanen, who led the study at the University of Eastern Finland.

Regular sauna bathing has been associated with several beneficial health effects, and the new findings may, in part, help explain how these effects develop in the body. However, the researchers emphasise that the study was limited to a single sauna session and its immediate effects. Therefore, no definite conclusions can be drawn about the development of longer-term health effects.

The study involved 51 adults with a mean age of 50 years. The results were published in the scientific journal Temperature, which focuses on the medical physiology of body temperature regulation.

Reference:

Heinonen, I. H. A., Koivula, T., Hollmén, M., Immonen, J., Kunutsor, S. K., Jalkanen, S., & Laukkanen, J. A. (2026). Acute Finnish sauna heat exposure induces stronger immune cell than cytokine responses. Temperature, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2026.2645467