Fact Check: Can black pepper Be used for anemia?

Claim

A Pinterest post titled, " Black Pepper Health Benefits", claims that, "black pepper can be used for anemia." In the post, the user Deena Barger states, "Black pepper, one of the most ancient and prolifically traded of spices, having been employed for culinary and medicinal use, such as for, colds, nasal congestion, diarrhea, anemia, improve blood circulation, heart and lung tonic, halitosis and relieve toothache, indigestion remedy, anti-inflammatory, cholera and syphilis, mild to moderate stomach complaints, hoarseness of voice and sore throat, gingivitis, minor cuts and bruises, rinse for wounds, helps to prevent or delay food spoilage." Amongst other claims, the post claims that black pepper can be used for anemia. The post can be accessed here.

Fact Check

This claim by Pinterest user to use black pepper for anemia is Misleading. Piperine found in black pepper may aid iron absorption but to say that it is to be used for anaemia would be an over-exaggeration of its role in the treatment of anaemia and may mislead people from staying from more scientific and effective treatments 

What is Anemia? 

As per WHO, “Anemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells or the hemoglobin concentration within them is lower than normal.” Anemia may be caused due to several factors nutrient deficiencies through inadequate diets or inadequate absorption of nutrients, infections (e.g. malaria, parasitic infections, tuberculosis, HIV), inflammation, chronic diseases, gynecological and obstetric conditions, and inherited red blood cell disorders. The most common nutritional cause of anemia is iron deficiency, although deficiencies in folate, vitamins B12 and A are also important causes. 

The most common types of anemia include Iron deficiency anemia, which is the most prevalent form of anemia, resulting from insufficient iron levels in the blood. Another form includes Vitamin B12–deficiency anemia, or cobalamin deficiency, which arises when the body lacks enough vitamin B12 to produce healthy red blood cells. There is also Hemolytic anemia is characterized by the rapid destruction of red blood cells, outpacing their replacement. There are several uncommon types of anemia which include Aplastic anemia, Hemolytic anemia, Sickle cell anemia and Anemia caused by other diseases. 

Dr. Smriti Uppal, MBBS, MD, Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, Smriti Maternity Home, Delhi explained, “Anemia is a condition where the body lacks sufficient red blood cells or hemoglobin, which are essential for transporting oxygen to tissues. It can cause fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and pale skin. Common types include iron deficiency anemia, vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anemia, and hemolytic anemia, among others. Treatment varies depending on the cause and may include iron supplements, vitamin B12 or folate, or other medical interventions. Proper diagnosis through blood tests is crucial to identify the type and cause, enabling effective treatment and management of the condition.”

Health Benefits of Black Pepper

Black pepper (Piper nigrum), known as the "King of spices," is not only valued for enhancing flavor but also for its numerous medicinal properties. Rich in bioactive compounds like piperine, it offers antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and hypolipidemic effects. Studies have shown its potential to fight infections and reduce oxidative stress. Black pepper also possesses anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and neuroprotective properties.

Dr Divya Tripathi, Assistant Professor, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies said "As a versatile spice, black pepper offers several nutritional benefits. It is rich in antioxidants, particularly piperine, which can help combat free radicals and reduce inflammation. Black pepper also aids digestion by stimulating the production of digestive enzymes and enhances the absorption of essential nutrients like vitamins B and C, selenium, and beta-carotene. Additionally, it has antimicrobial properties that can support immune function. Incorporating black pepper into your diet is an easy way to boost flavor and nutritional value."

Can black pepper Be used for Anemia?

Black pepper can play a supportive role in the treatment of anemia as the Piperine found in black pepper may enhance iron absorption. However, it is important to note that black pepper it isn't a stand-alone treatment for anemia. 

A study published in Nutrients found that piperine found in black pepper may enhance iron absorption due to its bioavailability-promoting properties. The combination of iron and black pepper was associated with improved iron metabolism indicators and showed no adverse effects. However, high doses of piperine were linked to gastrointestinal side effects, indicating the need for further research.

A study conducted by Somesh Banerjee et. al. highlights the potential of black pepper as a promising therapeutic option for managing inflammation-related anemia.

The study conducted by Diego Fernández-Lázaro et. al. identified that Bioperine, derived from black pepper and used as a natural bioavailability enhancer, could potentially serve as a beneficial iron supplement for athletes, enhancing hematological parameters.

While piperine in black pepper can boost iron absorption due to its bioavailability, it cannot treat anemia on its own. Additionally, excessive consumption of black pepper may lead to gastrointestinal side effects.

Responding to the claim Dr Tilottama, MBBS, MD (Preventive Medicine), Consultant Medicine, Sanjeevan Hospital said, "Black pepper alone cannot treat anemia but can enhance iron absorption when added to meals. Piperine, the active compound in black pepper, improves the bioavailability of nutrients, including iron, helping the body absorb it more efficiently. Incorporating black pepper with iron-rich foods like spinach, lentils, beans, and lean meats can be beneficial. Pairing these with vitamin C-rich foods, such as citrus fruits or bell peppers, can further boost iron absorption. While black pepper can be part of an anemia-friendly diet, it is essential to consult a doctor for treatment and management of anemia."

Dr. Smriti Uppal, MBBS, MD, Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, Smriti Maternity Home, Delhi further explained, "While black pepper is not a treatment for anemia, it can support iron absorption when used in conjunction with iron-rich foods. Black pepper contains piperine, which enhances the bioavailability of nutrients, including iron, making it easier for the body to absorb and aids in the absorption of nutrients from our diet and also helps in the proper digestion of food in the stomach by aiding the production of the digestive juices of the stomach. So, black pepper just has a role in increasing the bioavailability of iron like other nutrients and is not a part of the treatment of anemia. Individuals with anemia should focus on consuming iron-rich foods like leafy greens, beans, or lean meats. Always consult a doctor for an accurate diagnosis and proper treatment plan for anemia."

Medical Dialogues Final Take

While black pepper contains a small amount of iron and can enhance iron absorption from other foods due to its piperine content, it is not effective enough to be considered a primary treatment for anemia. Anemia generally requires more substantial sources of iron, like red meat, legumes, and leafy greens, or iron supplements as recommended by a healthcare provider. Relying solely on black pepper may delay proper treatment and worsen the condition.

Hence, the claim is MISLEADING.