New study raises questions about antifungal treatments during pregnancy

Many pregnant women develop fungal infections, which are often treated with widely used azole-based antifungal medicines.

A new study involving researchers from the DTU National Food Institute and Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet) suggests that the use of these medicines during pregnancy may be associated with changes in fetal hormone production, with effects persisting in children after birth.

However, the researchers do not yet know whether the differences they have identified will affect the children’s health or their ability to have children later in life.

The researchers analysed data from 589 Danish mother–child pairs. Their findings were supported by laboratory experiments using human fetal adrenal tissue and studies in pregnant rats, in which the researchers examined both blood and adrenal tissue from the rat fetuses.

The study found that children whose mothers used antifungal medicines during pregnancy had altered levels of adrenal hormones three months after birth.

“It is striking that the use of azole-based antifungals during pregnancy appears to affect adrenal hormone levels in children long after birth. Although the hormone levels remained within the normal range, the results suggest that fetal development may have been affected,” says Professor Terje Svingen from the DTU National Food Institute.

Adrenal hormones help regulate many functions in the body, including glucose metabolism, blood pressure, immune function, as well as growth and reproductive development.

Gylli Mola, researcher and medical doctor at Rigshospitalet, elaborates:

“This is particularly noteworthy because the treatments were primarily over-the-counter topical preparations, such as creams and vaginal tablets, which have traditionally been considered safe to use during pregnancy.”

The researchers therefore believe that the safety of widely used antifungals during pregnancy warrants further investigation.

Monica Kam Draskau, a researcher at the DTU National Food Institute, has worked on the analyses of the experimental studies.

“The fact that the findings in children are supported by results from both human fetal adrenal tissue and experiments in rats strengthens our hypothesis that there is a link with the use of azole-based antifungal medicines,” she says.

The study cannot directly establish that azole-based antifungal medicines cause the hormonal changes observed in children, nor can the researchers conclude from the study that commonly used antifungal medicines are harmful to children. However, the results highlight the need for further research into the safety of widely used antifungals during pregnancy.

Reference:

Mola, G., Draskau, M.K., Jørgensen, A. et al. Prenatal antifungal exposure disrupts fetal steroidogenesis and is associated with persistent effects in children. Commun Med 6, 473 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43856-026-01815-z